最近频频出现的“巴以冲突”是怎么回事？
近日，以色列和巴勒斯坦爆发严重冲突，双方伤亡人数不断上升，地区紧张局势进一步升级。
今天，我们通过这篇文章，来看看究竟是怎么回事。文章虽长，其实不难。
注释原文：
Israel-Gaza violence: The conflict explained
BBC
An escalation of fighting between Israelis and Palestinians has led the UN to warn of a "full-scale war".
The latest violence followed a month of rising tensions in Jerusalem, though the conflict has gone on for decades.
How did it start?
◆ A 100-year-old issue
Britain took control of the area known as Palestine after the ruler of that part of the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire, was defeated in WW1.
The land was inhabited by a Jewish minority and Arab majority.
Tensions between the two peoples grew when the international community gave Britain the task of establishing a "national home" in Palestine for Jewish people.
For Jews, it was their ancestral home, but Palestinian Arabs also claimed the land and opposed the move.
Between the 1920s and 40s, the number of Jews arriving there grew, with many fleeing from persecution in Europe and seeking a homeland after the Holocaust of WWII.
Violence between Jews and Arabs, and against British rule, also grew.
In 1947, the UN voted for Palestine to be split into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem becoming an international city.
That plan was accepted by Jewish leaders but rejected by the Arab side and never implemented.
◆ The creation of Israel and the 'Catastrophe'
In 1948, unable to solve the problem, British rulers left and Jewish leaders declared the creation of the state of Israel.
Many Palestinians objected and a war followed. Troops from neighbouring Arab countries invaded.
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were forced out of their homes in what they call Al Nakba, or the "Catastrophe".
By the time the fighting ended in a ceasefire the following year, Israel controlled most of the territory.
Jordan occupied land which became known as the West Bank, and Egypt occupied Gaza.
Jerusalem was divided between Israeli forces in the West, and Jordanian forces in the East.
Because there was never a peace agreement - each side blamed the other - there were more wars and fighting in the decades which followed.
In another war in 1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank, as well as most of the Syrian Golan Heights, and Gaza and the Egyptian Sinai peninsula.
Most Palestinian refugees and their descendants live in Gaza and the West Bank, as well as in neighbouring Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
Neither they nor their descendants have been allowed by Israel to return to their homes - Israel says this would overwhelm the country and threaten its existence as a Jewish state.
Israel still occupies the West Bank, and although it pulled out of Gaza the UN still regards that piece of land as part of occupied territory.
Israel claims the whole of Jerusalem as its capital, while the Palestinians claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. The US is one of only a handful of countries to recognise Israel's claim to the whole of the city.
In the past 50 years Israel has built settlements in these areas, where more than 600,000 Jews now live.
Palestinians say these are illegal under international law and are obstacles to peace, but Israel denies this.
What's happening now?
Tensions are often high between Israel and Palestinians living in East Jerusalem, Gaza and the West Bank.
Gaza is ruled by a Palestinian militant group called Hamas, which has fought Israel many times. Israel and Egypt tightly control Gaza's borders to stop weapons getting to Hamas.
Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank say they're suffering because of Israeli actions and restrictions. Israel say it is only acting to protect itself from Palestinian violence.
Things have escalated since the start of the holy Muslim month of Ramadan in mid-April 2021, with nightly clashes between police and Palestinians.
The threatened eviction of some Palestinian families in East Jerusalem has also caused rising anger.
What does the future hold?
In short, the situation isn't going to be sorted out any time soon.
The most recent peace plan, prepared by the United States, when Donald Trump was President - called "the deal of the century" by Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu - has been dismissed by the Palestinians as one-sided and never got off the ground.
Any future peace deal will need both sides to agree to resolve complex issues.
Until that happens, the conflict will go on.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Israel-Gaza violence: The conflict explained
BBC
An escalation of fighting between Israelis and Palestinians has led the UN to warn of a "full-scale war".
以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的战斗升级导致联合国警告将发生“全面战争”。
escalation
1）escalate的名词形式，escalate表示“使…加剧；加剧”，英文解释为“If a bad situation escalates or if someone or something escalates it, it becomes greater in size, seriousness, or intensity.”举个🌰：
They fear the dispute could escalate.
他们害怕争端会加剧。
2）名词escalation，表示“加剧”，举个🌰：
The threat of nuclear escalation remains.
核升级的威胁依然存在。
🎬电影《阿甘正传》（Forrest Gump）中的台词提到：regarding the need for further escalation of the war in Vietnam. 关于扩大越南战争的必要性。
The latest violence followed a month of rising tensions in Jerusalem, though the conflict has gone on for decades.
最近的暴力事件发生在耶路撒冷（Jerusalem）紧张局势加剧的一个月后，尽管冲突已经持续了几十年。
How did it start? 如何开始的？
◆ A 100-year-old issue 一个百年问题
Britain took control of the area known as Palestine after the ruler of that part of the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire, was defeated in WW1.
中东地区的统治者奥斯曼帝国（the Ottoman Empire）在第一次世界大战中被打败后，英国控制了被称为巴勒斯坦（Palestine）的地区。
The land was inhabited by a Jewish minority and Arab majority.
这片土地上居住着少数犹太人和多数阿拉伯人。
inhabit
表示“居住于”，英文解释为“If a place or region is inhabited by a group of people or a species of animal, those people or animals live there.”举个🌰：
The valley is inhabited by the Dani tribe.
这个山谷里居住着丹尼部落。
minority & majority
minority表示“少数；少数派；少数人”，英文解释为“the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group”举个🌰：
Only a small minority of students is/are interested in politics these days.
目前，只有极少数同学对政治感兴趣。
majority表示“大部分；大多数”，英文解释为“the largest part of a group of people or things ”举个🌰：
The majority was/were in favour of banning smoking.
大多数人支持禁烟。
Tensions between the two peoples grew when the international community gave Britain the task of establishing a "national home" in Palestine for Jewish people.
当国际社会将在巴勒斯坦为犹太人建立“民族家园”的任务交给英国时，这两个民族之间的紧张关系加剧。
peoples
1）people作可数名词，表示“国民；民族”，英文解释为“A people is all the men, women, and children of a particular country or race.”如：the native peoples of Central and South America 中美洲和南美洲的各本土民族。
2）作动词，表示“居住”，英文解释为“If a place or country is peopled by a particular group of people, that group of people live there.”举个🌰：
It was peopled by a fiercely independent race of peace-loving Buddhists.
那里由极其独立的一群热爱和平的佛教徒居住着。
For Jews, it was their ancestral home, but Palestinian Arabs also claimed the land and opposed the move.
对犹太人来说，这是他们的祖先的家园，但巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人也宣称拥有这片土地的主权，并反对这一行动。
Between the 1920s and 40s, the number of Jews arriving there grew, with many fleeing from persecution in Europe and seeking a homeland after the Holocaust of WWII.
在20世纪20年代和40年代之间，到达那里的犹太人越来越多，许多人逃离了欧洲的迫害，并在二战大屠杀后寻求一个家园。
persecution
表示“（因种族、宗教、政治信仰）迫害；虐待；烦扰，纠缠”，英文解释为“unfair or cruel treatment over a long period of time because of race, religion, or political beliefs”举个🌰：
They left the country out of fear of persecution.
他们因害怕遭受迫害而离开了这个国家。
🎬电影《沉默》（Silence）中的台词提到：He wrote those words during the most sweeping persecution of all. 他写下这些话时 正经历着最为残酷的迫害。
the Holocaust
the Holocaust /ˈhɒləˌkɔːst/ 表示“（20世纪30年代和40年代纳粹对数百万犹太人的）大屠杀”，英文解释为“the killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis in the 1930s and 1940s”.
Violence between Jews and Arabs, and against British rule, also grew.
犹太人和阿拉伯人之间的暴力，以及反对英国统治的暴力，也在增加。
In 1947, the UN voted for Palestine to be split into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem becoming an international city.
1947年，联合国投票决定将巴勒斯坦分裂为独立的犹太国家和阿拉伯国家，耶路撒冷（Jerusalem）成为一个国际城市。
That plan was accepted by Jewish leaders but rejected by the Arab side and never implemented.
这一计划被犹太领导人接受，但被阿拉伯方面拒绝，从未实施。
◆ The creation of Israel and the 'Catastrophe' 以色列的建立和“大灾难”的发生
In 1948, unable to solve the problem, British rulers left and Jewish leaders declared the creation of the state of Israel.
1948年，由于无法解决这个问题，英国统治者离开了，犹太领导人宣布建立以色列（Israel）国家。
catastrophe /kəˈtæstrəfɪ/
表示“灾难；灾祸；横祸”，英文解释为“a sudden event that causes many people to suffer”举个🌰：
From all points of view, war would be a catastrophe.
从各个方面来看，战争都会是一场灾难。
Many Palestinians objected and a war followed. Troops from neighbouring Arab countries invaded.
许多巴勒斯坦人表示反对，随后发生了战争。来自阿拉伯邻国的军队入侵了。
object
作动词，表示“不同意；不赞成；反对”，英文解释为“to say that you disagree with, disapprove of or oppose sth”举个🌰：
Many local people object to the building of the new airport.
许多当地的居民反对兴建新机场。
invade
表示“武装入侵；侵略；侵犯”，英文解释为“to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it”举个🌰：
The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago.
2,000年前古罗马人入侵了英国。
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were forced out of their homes in what they call Al Nakba, or the "Catastrophe".
数十万巴勒斯坦人逃离或被迫离开他们的家园，他们称之为Al Nakba，或“大灾难”。
By the time the fighting ended in a ceasefire the following year, Israel controlled most of the territory.
当战争在第二年的停火中结束时，以色列控制了大部分的领土。
ceasefire
表示“（通常指永久性的）停火，停战”，英文解释为“a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end the fighting permanently”举个🌰：
Observers have reported serious violations of the ceasefire.
观察员报告说停火协议遭到严重破坏。
Jordan occupied land which became known as the West Bank, and Egypt occupied Gaza.
约旦（Jordan）占领了被称为西岸（the West Bank）的土地，埃及（Egypt）则占领了加沙（Egypt）。
Jerusalem was divided between Israeli forces in the West, and Jordanian forces in the East.
耶路撒冷被西部的以色列军队和东部的约旦军队瓜分。
Because there was never a peace agreement - each side blamed the other - there were more wars and fighting in the decades which followed.
由于从来没有达成过和平协议--双方都指责对方--在随后的几十年里，有更多的冲突和战争。
In another war in 1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank, as well as most of the Syrian Golan Heights, and Gaza and the Egyptian Sinai peninsula.
在1967年的另一场战争中，以色列占领了东耶路撒冷和西岸，以及叙利亚戈兰高地（Golan Heights）的大部分地区，还有加沙和埃及的西奈半岛（Sinai peninsula）。
peninsula
peninsula /pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə/ 表示“半岛”，英文解释为“A peninsula is a long narrow piece of land that sticks out from a larger piece of land and is almost completely surrounded by water.”
Most Palestinian refugees and their descendants live in Gaza and the West Bank, as well as in neighbouring Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
大多数巴勒斯坦难民和他们的后代生活在加沙和西岸，以及邻近的约旦、叙利亚（Syria）和黎巴嫩（Lebanon）。
descendant
descendant /dɪˈsɛndənt/ 表示“后裔；后代；子孙”，英文解释为“a person's descendants are their children, their children's children, and all the people who live after them who are related to them”举个🌰：
Many of them are descendants of the original settlers.
他们中许多人都是早期移民的后裔。
Neither they nor their descendants have been allowed by Israel to return to their homes - Israel says this would overwhelm the country and threaten its existence as a Jewish state.
以色列不允许他们极其后代返回他们的家园--以色列说这将使国家不堪重负，威胁到它作为一个犹太国家的存在。
overwhelm /ˌoʊvərˈwelm/
1）表示“（强烈地影响而）使不知所措”，英文解释为“If you are overwhelmed by a feeling or event, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it.”举个🌰：
He was overwhelmed by a longing for times past.
他陷入了一种对过去的渴望而不能自拔。
2）表示“彻底制服；击败”，英文解释为“If a group of people overwhelm a place or another group, they gain complete control or victory over them.”举个🌰：
It was clear that one massive Allied offensive would overwhelm the weakened enemy.
显然同盟国一次大规模的进攻就会彻底击败已被削弱的敌军。
Israel still occupies the West Bank, and although it pulled out of Gaza the UN still regards that piece of land as part of occupied territory.
以色列仍然占领着西岸，尽管它撤出了加沙，但联合国仍将这块土地视为被占领土的一部分。
Israel claims the whole of Jerusalem as its capital, while the Palestinians claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. The US is one of only a handful of countries to recognise Israel's claim to the whole of the city.
以色列声称整个耶路撒冷是其首都，而巴勒斯坦人则声称东耶路撒冷是未来巴勒斯坦国的首都。美国是仅有的几个承认以色列对整个耶路撒冷拥有主权的国家之一。
In the past 50 years Israel has built settlements in these areas, where more than 600,000 Jews now live.
在过去的50年里，以色列在这些地区建立了定居地，现在有60多万犹太人居住在那里。
Palestinians say these are illegal under international law and are obstacles to peace, but Israel denies this.
巴勒斯坦人说，根据国际法，这些定居地是非法的，是和平的障碍，但以色列否认了这一点。
What's happening now? 现在发生了什么？
Tensions are often high between Israel and Palestinians living in East Jerusalem, Gaza and the West Bank.
以色列和居住在东耶路撒冷、加沙和西岸的巴勒斯坦人之间的关系往往很紧张。
Gaza is ruled by a Palestinian militant group called Hamas, which has fought Israel many times. Israel and Egypt tightly control Gaza's borders to stop weapons getting to Hamas.
加沙由一个名为哈马斯（Hamas）的巴勒斯坦激进组织统治，该组织曾多次与以色列作战。以色列和埃及严格控制加沙的边界，以阻止武器进入哈马斯。
Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank say they're suffering because of Israeli actions and restrictions. Israel say it is only acting to protect itself from Palestinian violence.
加沙和西岸的巴勒斯坦人说，由于以色列的行动和限制，他们正在遭受痛苦。以色列说，它的行动只是为了保护自己免受巴勒斯坦暴力的影响。
Things have escalated since the start of the holy Muslim month of Ramadan in mid-April 2021, with nightly clashes between police and Palestinians.
自2021年4月中旬神圣的穆斯林斋月开始以来，事情已经升级，警察和巴勒斯坦人之间每晚都发生冲突。
Ramadan /ˌræməˈdɑːn/
等于Ramazan，表示“斋月（伊斯兰教历的九月） ”，英文解释为“Ramadan is the ninth month of the Muslim year, when Muslims do not eat between the rising and setting of the sun. During Ramadan, Muslims celebrate the fact that it was in this month that God first revealed the words of the Koran to Mohammed.”
clash
表示“交锋；交战；比赛”，英文解释为“an occasion when two teams or players compete against each other”。
The threatened eviction of some Palestinian families in East Jerusalem has also caused rising anger.
威胁要驱逐东耶路撒冷的一些巴勒斯坦家庭，也引起了越来越多的愤怒。
eviction
表示“驱逐”，英文解释为“Eviction is the act or process of officially forcing someone to leave a house or piece of land.”
What does the future hold? 未来会怎样？
In short, the situation isn't going to be sorted out any time soon.
简而言之，局势不会很快得到解决。
The most recent peace plan, prepared by the United States, when Donald Trump was President - called "the deal of the century" by Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu - has been dismissed by the Palestinians as one-sided and never got off the ground.
美国在唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）担任总统时准备的最新和平计划--被以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡（Benjamin Netanyahu）称为“世纪协议”--被巴勒斯坦人认为是片面的，从未落地。
dismiss
1）表示“对…不予理会，摒弃，（从头脑中）去除”，英文解释为“to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering”举个🌰：
I think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me.
我认为他和我见面5分钟后就把我归入了傻瓜之列。
2）表示“解雇；免职；开除”，英文解释为“to officially remove sb from their job”举个🌰：
She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
她声称自己被无理免职。
get (sth) off the ground
表示“（使）开始；（使）成功进行”，英文解释为“If a plan or activity gets off the ground or you get it off the ground, it starts or succeeds.”举个🌰：
A lot more money will be required to get this project off the ground.
要启动这个工程，还需要大量的资金。
Any future peace deal will need both sides to agree to resolve complex issues.
任何未来的和平协议都需要双方同意解决复杂的问题。
Until that happens, the conflict will go on.
在这之前，冲突将继续下去。
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