MBTI测试是什么？

近日，一个叫做MBTI的性格测试突然火了起来。

MBTI的全称是，Myers–Briggs Type Indicator，迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标，它是由美国作家伊莎贝尔·布里格斯·迈尔斯（Isabel Briggs Myers）和她的母亲凯瑟琳·库克·布里格斯（Katherine Cook Briggs）共同制定的一种人格类型理论模型。

MBTI是一种内省的自我报告问卷，表明人们在如何看待世界和做出决定方面存在不同的心理偏好。

该测试尝试分配四个类别：内向（Introversion）或外向（Extroversion）、实感（Sensing）或直觉（Intuition）、思考（Thinking）或情感（Feeling）、判断（Judging）或感知（Perceiving）。取各类别的首字母来组成测试结果之类别名称，如“INFP”、“ESFJ”......

无注释原文：

Here's why people still take the Myers-Briggs test — even though it might not mean anything

USA TODAY

May 6, 2019

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most popular personality tests in the world. It’s also one of the most regularly debunked.

The test sorts people into one of 16 four-letter personality types based on their preferences for Sensing (S) or Intuition (N), Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I), Thinking (T) or Feeling (F), and Judging (J) or Perceiving (P). The company’s website boasts the assessment has a 90% accuracy rating and a 90% average test-retest correlation, “making it one of the most reliable and accurate personality assessments available.”

Many researchers, however, have long questioned the MBTI’s scientific merit.

“In social science, we use four standards: are the categories reliable, valid, independent, and comprehensive?” Adam Grant, a professor of industrial psychology at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, wrote in an essay on the subject. “For the MBTI, the evidence says not very, no, no and not really.”

These faults are likely in part because neither of its creators, Katherine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, had formal training in psychology, explained Merve Emre, author of "The Personality Brokers,” which explores the history of the MBTI.

Katherine Briggs became interested in Carl Jung’s book “Psychological Types” and began “typing” everyone she knew, said Emre, a professor at Oxford University. In 1943, amid the labor boom of World War II, her daughter took that system and designed a questionnaire to determine what job a worker’s personality is best suited for.

“It really was this very unscientific process,” Emre said.

In 1975, Consulting Psychological Press, now known as the Myers-Briggs Company,  commercialized the test and became its exclusive world wide publisher, according to Suresh Balasubramanian, the company's general manager/senior vice president of products, programs, marketing. The company has spent decades improving the assessment and doing more research on its validity, Balasubramanian said.

Research has since found that upwards of 50% of people got a different score when they re-took the MBTI just five weeks later. Studies have also shown that the test is not effective at predicting people’s success in different jobs.

Balasubramanian claims the research discrediting the MBTI is outdated, but the statistics have been so often repeated by subsequent articles and studies that it created a sort of "Internet myth." He added that the problems those researchers encountered have long since been fixed.

"When you look at validity of the instrument it is just as valid as any other personality assessment," Balasubramanian said.

Today, some 1.5 million people take the test online each year and 88 of the Fortune 100 companies are clients of the Myers-Briggs Company, according to Balasubramanian. So why do people continue to take a test that reporters from Vox said in 2015, “has about as much scientific validity as your astrological sign?”

Emre, the Oxford professor, explained that unlike other personality tests, the MBTI is appealing because it is “nonjudgmental” meaning that that all the results are positive.

It was designed that way because its creators “thought that would be very motivating for workers to believe the only purpose of the indicator was to match them to the best job that was suited for them,” Emre said.

She added that the test satisfies an innate desire to know more about ourselves and an easy way to describe that self to others.

"Once you know that you can figure out ways to bring your life choices into alignment with that version of yourself," Emre said. “I think that’s a really, really appealing fantasy that we can aspire to a kind of self governance and a kind of coherence."

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Here's why people still take the Myers-Briggs test — even though it might not mean anything

USA TODAY

May 6, 2019

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most popular personality tests in the world. It’s also one of the most regularly debunked.

迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标（Myers–Briggs Type Indicator，MBTI）是世界上最流行的性格测试之一。它也是最经常被质疑的测试之一。

表示“驳斥；揭穿，揭露…的真相”，英文解释为“to show that something is less important, less good, or less true than it has been made to appear”举个🌰：

The writer's aim was to debunk the myth that had grown up around the actress.

作者的目的是为了揭穿围绕这位女演员的种种传闻。

The test sorts people into one of 16 four-letter personality types based on their preferences for Sensing (S) or Intuition (N), Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I), Thinking (T) or Feeling (F), and Judging (J) or Perceiving (P). The company’s website boasts the assessment has a 90% accuracy rating and a 90% average test-retest correlation, “making it one of the most reliable and accurate personality assessments available.”

该测试根据人们对实感（S）或直觉（N）、外向（E）或内向（I）、思考（T）或情感（F）以及判断（J）或感知（P）的偏好，将人们分为16种四字母人格类型之一。该公司的网站吹嘘该评估有90%的准确率和平均90%的重测信度，“使其成为目前最可靠和最准确的性格测试之一。”

表示“把…分类；整理；拣选”，英文解释为“to put a number of things in an order or to separate them into groups”举个🌰：

I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away.

我打算把这些旧书分成要留下的和要扔掉的两类。

extraversion /ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃən/ 表示“（性格）外向性”，英文解释为“the quality of being energetic and not shy, and enjoying being with other people”.

introversion /ˌɪntrəˈvɜːʃn/ 表示“（性格）内向性”，英文解释为“the directing of interest inwards towards one's own thoughts and feelings rather than towards the external world or making social contacts”.

1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：

He perceived a tiny figure in the distance.

他注意到远处有个很小的身影。

2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：

How do the French perceive the British?

法国人是如何看待英国人的？

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。

表示“拥有（值得自豪的东西）”，英文解释为“to have or own something to be proud of”举个🌰：

Hangzhou boasts beautiful lakes, great restaurants, and friendly locals.

杭州拥有美丽的湖、很棒的餐馆和友好的当地人。

顾名思义，测试-再测试，指的是“再测信度，重测信度，重测”，就是一个衡量两次测试是否一致的指标，英文解释为“test-retest reliability measures the consistency of results when you repeat the same test on the same sample at a different point in time.”

表示“相互关系；联系；相关”，英文解释为“a connection or relationship between two or more facts, numbers, etc.”举个🌰：

There's a correlation between smoking and cancer.

吸烟和癌症之间有相关性。

Many researchers, however, have long questioned the MBTI’s scientific merit.

然而，许多研究人员长期以来一直质疑MBTI的科学价值。

表示“优点；价值；功绩”，英文解释为“the quality of being good and deserving praise”举个🌰：

His book has the merit of being both informative and readable.

他的书兼具内容丰富和可读性强的特点。

“In social science, we use four standards: are the categories reliable, valid, independent, and comprehensive?” Adam Grant, a professor of industrial psychology at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, wrote in an essay on the subject. “For the MBTI, the evidence says not very, no, no and not really.”

“在社会科学中，我们使用四个标准：类别是否可靠、有效、独立和全面？”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的工业心理学教授亚当·格兰特（Adam Grant）在一篇关于这个问题的文章中写道。“对于MBTI，证据显示不太，不太，不真实。”

These faults are likely in part because neither of its creators, Katherine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, had formal training in psychology, explained Merve Emre, author of "The Personality Brokers,” which explores the history of the MBTI.

探究MBTI历史的《性格经纪人》（The Personality Brokers）一书的作者姆韦尔·埃姆雷（Merve Emre）解释说，这些缺点可能部分是因为其创造者凯瑟琳·库克·布里格斯（Katherine Cook Briggs）和她的女儿伊莎贝尔·布里格斯·迈尔斯（Isabel Briggs Myers）都没有接受过正规的心理学培训。

Katherine Briggs became interested in Carl Jung's book “Psychological Types” and began “typing” everyone she knew, said Emre, a professor at Oxford University. In 1943, amid the labor boom of World War II, her daughter took that system and designed a questionnaire to determine what job a worker's personality is best suited for.

牛津大学教授埃姆雷（Emre）说，凯瑟琳·布里格斯（Katherine Briggs）对卡尔·荣格（Carl Jung）的《心理类型》（Psychological Types）一书产生了兴趣，并开始对她认识的所有人进行“分类”。1943年，在第二次世界大战的劳工热潮中，她的女儿采用这一系统，设计了一份问卷，以确定员工的个性最适合做什么工作。

此处type打了双引号，联系上文，应该是表示给人分类、“判断某人是何种心理类型”。

表示“增长，繁荣；增长期，繁荣期”，英文解释为“an increase in something , or a time when something becomes more popular”举个🌰：

This year has seen a boom in book sales.

今年图书销售激增。

📍baby boom表示“生育高峰，婴儿潮”，英文解释为“a large increase in the number of babies born among a particular group of people during a particular time”举个🌰：

There was a baby boom in the UK and the US after the Second World War.

二战后，英国和美国都出现了一次生育高峰。

“It really was this very unscientific process,” Emre said.

“这确实是一个非常不科学的过程，”埃姆雷说。

In 1975, Consulting Psychological Press, now known as the Myers-Briggs Company,  commercialized the test and became its exclusive world wide publisher, according to Suresh Balasubramanian, the company's general manager/senior vice president of products, programs, marketing. The company has spent decades improving the assessment and doing more research on its validity, Balasubramanian said.

据该公司负责产品、项目、营销的总经理/高级副总裁苏雷什·巴拉苏巴拉马尼安（Suresh Balasubramanian）说，1975年，咨询心理学出版社（现在称为迈尔斯-布里格斯公司）将该测试商业化，并成为其全球独家出版商。巴拉苏巴拉马尼安说，该公司几十年来一直在改进评估，并对其有效性进行更多研究。

表示“使商业化，使商品化；从…中赚钱”，英文解释为“to organize something to make a profit”。

1）表示“昂贵的；高档的；豪华的”，英文解释为“expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class”，如：an exclusive private club 豪华私人俱乐部。

2）表示“专用的，专有的；独有的，独占的”，英文解释为“limited to only one person or group of people”，如：an exclusive interview 独家采访，举个🌰：

This room is for the exclusive use of guests.

这个房间是专供客人使用的。

表示“（法律上的）有效，合法，认可；真实性，正确性；可信性”，英文解释为“The validity of something such as a result or a piece of information is whether it can be trusted or believed.”举个🌰：

Some people, of course, denied the validity of any such claim.

当然，一些人否认任何此类说法的可信性。

Research has since found that upwards of 50% of people got a different score when they re-took the MBTI just five weeks later. Studies have also shown that the test is not effective at predicting people's success in different jobs.

此后的研究发现，多达50%的人在五周后重新参加MBTI测试时得到了不同的分数。研究还表明，该测试无法有效预测人们在不同工作中的成功。

表示“至少；超过”，英文解释为“If you say something is upward(s) of a number or value, you mean it is at least the stated amount and probably more.”举个🌰：

Upwards of 100 people assembled in the main square.

一百多人聚集在主广场上。

Balasubramanian claims the research discrediting the MBTI is outdated, but the statistics have been so often repeated by subsequent articles and studies that it created a sort of "Internet myth." He added that the problems those researchers encountered have long since been fixed.

巴拉苏巴拉马尼安声称，否定MBTI的研究已经过时，但这些统计数据被后来的文章和研究经常重提，以至于形成了某种“互联网迷思”。他补充说，那些研究人员遇到的问题早就被解决了。

表示“使名誉受损；使受到怀疑”，英文解释为“to cause people to stop respecting someone or believing in an idea or person”举个🌰：

Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited him.

与贩毒分子有瓜葛的证据使他名誉扫地。

🎬电影《聚焦》（Spotlight）中的台词提到：But the church made a huge effort to discredit him. 但教会费了很大功夫去败坏他的名声。

表示“过时的，陈旧的”，英文解释为“old-fashioned and therefore not as good or as fashionable as something modern”举个🌰：

Nowadays this technique is completely outdated.

现在这种技术已经相当过时了。

表示“随后的；后来的；之后的；接后的”，英文解释为“happening or coming after sth else”举个🌰：

Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.

后来发生的事证实了我们的怀疑。

1）表示“遭遇”，英文解释为“If you encounter problems or difficulties, you experience them.”举个🌰：

Every day of our lives we encounter major and minor stresses of one kind or another.

生活中的每一天，我们会遇到或大或小的这样那样的压力。

2）表示“偶然相遇，邂逅，不期而遇”，英文解释为“If you encounter someone, you meet them, usually unexpectedly. ”举个🌰：

Did you encounter anyone in the building?

你在那栋大楼里偶然遇到什么人了吗？

"When you look at validity of the instrument it is just as valid as any other personality assessment," Balasubramanian said.

“当你考虑这个工具的有效性时，它和其他性格测试一样有效，”巴拉苏巴拉马尼安说。

表示“手段；工具”，英文解释为“a way of achieving or causing something”举个🌰：

He saw the theatre as an instrument of change.

他把戏剧看作变革的手段。

Today, some 1.5 million people take the test online each year and 88 of the Fortune 100 companies are clients of the Myers-Briggs Company, according to Balasubramanian. So why do people continue to take a test that reporters from Vox said in 2015, “has about as much scientific validity as your astrological sign?”

据巴拉苏巴拉马尼安说，如今，每年约有150万人在网上参加测试，《财富》100强企业中有88家是迈尔斯-布里格斯公司的客户。那么，为什么人们会继续进行这样一个，Vox媒体的记者在2015年说，“其科学性与星座一样”的测试？

用于数词前，意同approximately，表示“大约，差不多”举个🌰：

Some thirty people attended the meeting.

大约有三十人参加了会议。

astrological /ˌæs.trəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“占星术的，占星学的”，英文解释为“involving or relating to astrology (= the belief that the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars affect people's lives and character)”举个🌰：

He likes to talk about his astrological sign, which is Pisces, and reads his horoscope every day.

他爱谈论自己的双鱼座，每天查阅自己的星座运势。

Emre, the Oxford professor, explained that unlike other personality tests, the MBTI is appealing because it is “nonjudgmental” meaning that that all the results are positive.

牛津大学教授埃姆雷解释说，与其他性格测试不同，MBTI的吸引力在于它是“非评判性的”，意味着所有的结果都是积极的。

表示“有吸引力的；有感染力的；令人感兴趣的”，英文解释为“attractive or interesting”举个🌰：

The idea of not having to get up early every morning is rather appealing (to me).

每天不用起早，这（对我）很有吸引力。

It was designed that way because its creators “thought that would be very motivating for workers to believe the only purpose of the indicator was to match them to the best job that was suited for them,” Emre said.

它之所以这样设计，是因为它的创造者“认为这将非常激励员工，让他们相信这个指标的唯一目的是将他们与适合他们的最佳工作相匹配，”埃姆雷说。

She added that the test satisfies an innate desire to know more about ourselves and an easy way to describe that self to others.

她补充说，该测试满足了人们对更多了解自己的内在渴望，以及向他人描述这种自我的简单方法。

innate /ɪˈneɪt/ 1）表示“（素质）天生的，与生俱来的，固有的”，英文解释为“an innate quality or ability is something you are born with”，举个🌰：

Children have an innate ability to learn language.

儿童学习语言的能力是与生俱来的。

2）表示“（信仰）根深蒂固的”，英文解释为“an innate belief is something you feel strongly about and are unlikely to change”，如：the innate conservatism of the farming community 农业社区固有的保守主义。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述判断力问题的文章中提到：Some people think that good judgment is innate. 有些人认为良好的判断力是与生俱来的。

"Once you know that you can figure out ways to bring your life choices into alignment with that version of yourself," Emre said. “I think that’s a really, really appealing fantasy that we can aspire to a kind of self governance and a kind of coherence."

“一旦你知道了（测试结果），你就可以想办法使你的生活选择与那个版本的自己相一致，”埃姆雷说。“我认为这是一个非常、非常吸引人的幻想，我们可以渴望一种自我管理及一致性。”

1）表示“列队，排整齐”，英文解释为“an arrangement in which two or more things are positioned in a straight line or parallel to each other”举个🌰：

The problem is happening because the wheels are out of alignment with each other.

出现这个问题是因为车轮定位不正。

2）表示“结盟，联盟；联合”，英文解释为“an agreement between a group of countries, political parties, or people who want to work together because of shared interests or aims”举个🌰：

New alignments are being formed within the business community.

在商界，新的联盟关系正逐渐形成。

📍2022年政府工作报告Part 19中提到：增强“四个意识”、and boost our consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. 最后一个，“看齐意识”就是“keep in alignment with the central Party leadership”.

表示“追求；渴望；有志于”，英文解释为“to have a strong wish or hope to do or have something”举个🌰：

She aspired to a scientific career.

她有志于科学事业。

coherence /kəʊˈhɪə.rəns/ 表示“连贯性，一致性”，英文解释为“the situation when the parts of something fit together in a natural or reasonable way”举个🌰：

There was no coherence between the first and the second half of the movie.

该影片的前半部分和后半部分之间缺乏连贯性。

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