上海泄题事件因“抄错题”败露

7月12日，网传上海中考数学试题泄露。今天，调查结果公布。

省流版：为报恩，朋友（印务中心）帮盗题，母亲抄错题，爷爷（退休数学教师）解不出，爷爷请人（学校退管会工作人员）找数学老师A解答，数学老师A解不出，求助数学老师B，数学老师B传到QQ群，让学生帮忙解题......

借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们来看看一项很有意思的关于作弊的研究。

2013年哈佛大学和宾夕法尼亚大学研究人员对600多名在印度完成大学学业的学生进行了一系列实验发现，爱作弊的学生更想进政府部门工作。

含注释原文：

Cheating students more likely to want government jobs, study finds

From: Los Angeles Times

NOV. 18, 2013

College students who cheated on a simple task were more likely to want government jobs, researchers from Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania found in a study of hundreds of students in Bangalore, India.

Their results, recently released as a working paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research, suggest that one of the contributing forces behind government corruption could be who gets into government work in the first place.

For instance, “if people have the view that jobs in government are corrupt, people who are honest might not want to get into that system,” said Rema Hanna, an associate professor at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. To combat that problem, governments may need to find new ways to screen people seeking jobs, she said.

Researchers ran a series of experiments with more than 600 students finishing up college in India. In one task, students had to privately roll a die and report what number they got. The higher the number, the more they would get paid. Each student rolled the die 42 times.

Although researchers do not know for sure if any one student lied, they could tell whether the numbers each person reported were wildly different than what would turn up randomly -- in other words, whether there were a suspiciously high number of 5s and 6s in their results.

Cheating seemed to be rampant: More than a third of students had scores that fell in the top 1% of the predicted distribution, researchers found. Students who apparently cheated were 6.3% more likely to say they wanted to work in government, the researchers found.

“Overall, we find that dishonest individuals -- as measured by the dice task -- prefer to enter government service,” wrote Hanna and coauthor Shing-yi Wang, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School.

They added, “Importantly, we show that cheating on this task is also predictive of fraudulent behaviors by real government officials.”

The same test, given to a smaller set of government nurses, showed that those who appear to have cheated with the dice were also more likely to skip work. Previous studies suggest that the bulk of such absenteeism is fraudulent, Hanna said.

Researchers also ran other tests to gauge character: In another experiment, students played a game in which they could send a message anonymously to another player, either telling them honestly what move would earn them more money, or dishonestly nudging them toward a worse choice. Tricking the other student would help them gain more money.

A third test asked students to divide up a sum of rupees between themselves and a charity of their choice; for each rupee they chose to donate, the amount given to charity would double. Still other tests measured their memory and cognitive ability, or quizzed students about whether they would cheat on exams or believed that most businesses paid bribes.

Their findings differed from test to test: In the charity test, keeping more rupees for themselves was more common among government worker wannabes. However, lying during the message game seemed to have no correlation with whether students wanted to go into government work.

Researchers speculated that the difference between that game and the dice test, both of which measure dishonesty, could be that students felt differently about stealing from other students than “the experimenters” who ran the dice game. Hanna added that it’s harder to tell if a particular person has cheated during the dice game, which might affect their actions.

Surveying people about corruption also did little to predict whether people were prone to lie in real life, the researchers concluded -- a troubling finding for governments that have folded such questions into job screening. Nor did ability seem to make a difference.

Complaints of corruption have stirred up past scandals in India, which ranked 94th out of 176 countries and territories in perceived corruption, according to a Transparency International index. Hanna said she was curious whether the same results turn up in other countries where government workers get higher wages and corruption is seen as less of a problem.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

无注释全文：

Cheating students more likely to want government jobs, study finds

From: Los Angeles Times

NOV. 18, 2013

College students who cheated on a simple task were more likely to want government jobs, researchers from Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania found in a study of hundreds of students in Bangalore, India.

哈佛大学（Harvard University）和宾夕法尼亚大学（University of Pennsylvania）的研究人员在对印度班加罗尔（Bangalore）数百名学生的研究中发现，在简单任务上作弊的大学生更有可能想进政府部门工作。

Their results, recently released as a working paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research, suggest that one of the contributing forces behind government corruption could be who gets into government work in the first place.

他们的研究结果最近作为美国国家经济研究所研究报告发布，表明政府腐败背后的一个促成因素可能首先是进入政府部门工作的人。

bureau /ˈbjʊərəʊ/ 1）表示“（政府部门的）局，处，科”，英文解释为“a government organization”如：the Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局。

2）表示“（搜集或提供信息的）办事处，办公室，机构”，英文解释为“an organization or a business that collects or provides information”举个🌰：Her disappearance was reported to the police department's Missing Persons Bureau.

她的失踪被报到了警察局的失踪人口调查处。

For instance, “if people have the view that jobs in government are corrupt, people who are honest might not want to get into that system,” said Rema Hanna, an associate professor at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. To combat that problem, governments may need to find new ways to screen people seeking jobs, she said.

例如，“如果人们认为政府工作腐败，那么正直的人可能不想进入体制内，”哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院副教授雷玛·汉娜（Rema Hanna）说，为了解决这个问题，政府可能需要找到新的方法来筛选求职者。

Researchers ran a series of experiments with more than 600 students finishing up college in India. In one task, students had to privately roll a die and report what number they got. The higher the number, the more they would get paid. Each student rolled the die 42 times.

研究人员对600多名在印度完成大学学业的学生进行了一系列实验。在一项任务中，学生们必须私下掷骰子，并报告他们得到的数字。数字越高，他们得到的报酬就越多。每个学生掷骰子42次。

表示“摇骰子”，英文解释为“Rolling a die means throwing the shape into the air to obtain a certain number to move forward in any game.”

📍英式 dice，美式/旧式用法 die，表示“骰子”，英文解释为“a small cube (= object with six equal square sides) with a different number of spots on each side, used in games involving chance”，复数也是dice.

Although researchers do not know for sure if any one student lied, they could tell whether the numbers each person reported were wildly different than what would turn up randomly -- in other words, whether there were a suspiciously high number of 5s and 6s in their results.

尽管研究人员不确定是否有学生撒谎，但他们可以判断每个人报告的数字是否与随机出现的数字大不相同——换句话说，他们的结果中是否有大量可疑的5和6。

除了表示“猜疑地；怀疑地”，还可以指“疑似地；看似地”，英文解释为“in a way that makes you think something may be true”举个🌰：

She brushed away what looked suspiciously like (= looked as if it probably was) a tear.

她擦去的好像是一滴眼泪。

Cheating seemed to be rampant: More than a third of students had scores that fell in the top 1% of the predicted distribution, researchers found. Students who apparently cheated were 6.3% more likely to say they wanted to work in government, the researchers found.

作弊现象似乎很泛滥：研究人员发现，超过三分之一的学生的分数落在预测分布的前1%。研究人员发现，明显作弊的学生说他们想在政府部门工作的可能性增加了6.3%。

rampant /ˈræmpənt/ 表示“泛滥的；猖獗的”，英文解释为“existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled”举个🌰：

Unemployment is now rampant in most of Europe.

在欧洲的大部分地区，失业问题难以控制。

1）表示“（人或物）的分布，分配”，英文解释为“the way in which people or things are spread out in a place”如：a map showing distribution of global population 世界人口分布图。

2）表示“分发，散发；分配”，英文解释为“the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something”

“Overall, we find that dishonest individuals -- as measured by the dice task -- prefer to enter government service,” wrote Hanna and coauthor Shing-yi Wang, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School.

“总的来说，我们发现不诚实的人——用骰子任务来衡量——更喜欢进入政府部门，”汉娜和共同作者、宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院助理教授王成一（Shing-yi Wang，音译）写道。

They added, “Importantly, we show that cheating on this task is also predictive of fraudulent behaviors by real government officials.”

他们补充道，“重要的是，我们表明，在这项任务上作弊也可以预测真正公职人员的欺骗行为。”

fraudulent /ˈfrɔːdjʊlənt/ 表示“骗人的，欺诈性的”，英文解释为“intended to deceive people in an illegal way, in order to gain money, power etc”如：a fraudulent insurance claim 欺诈性保险索赔 a fraudulent statement 骗人的声明。

The same test, given to a smaller set of government nurses, showed that those who appear to have cheated with the dice were also more likely to skip work. Previous studies suggest that the bulk of such absenteeism is fraudulent, Hanna said.

对一小部分政府护士进行的同样测试表明，那些似乎用骰子作弊的人也更有可能翘班。汉娜说，先前的研究表明，这种旷工大部分是欺骗性的。

表示“不做（应做的事等）；不参加”，英文解释为“to not do sth that you usually do or should do”如：逃课 skip the class，举个🌰：

I often skip breakfast altogether.

我常常干脆不吃早饭。

She decided to skip the afternoon's class.

她决定下午的课不去上了。

表示“（某物的）主要部分，大半”，英文解释为“the main or largest part of something”举个🌰

The bulk of consumers are based in towns.

大多数消费者都是城镇居民。

absenteeism /ˌæbsənˈtiːɪzəm/ 表示“旷工；旷课”，英文解释为“Absenteeism is the fact or habit of frequently being away from work or school, usually without a good reason.”

Researchers also ran other tests to gauge character: In another experiment, students played a game in which they could send a message anonymously to another player, either telling them honestly what move would earn them more money, or dishonestly nudging them toward a worse choice. Tricking the other student would help them gain more money.

研究人员还进行了其他测试来衡量品格：在另一个实验中，学生们玩了一个游戏，他们可以匿名向另一个玩家发送信息。要么诚实地告诉他们什么操作会让他们赚更多的钱，要么不诚实地怂恿他们做一个更坏的选择。欺骗另一个学生将有助于他们获得更多的钱。

匿名发送信息游戏介绍：发送方已知两个选项，如：

A选项，则发送方赚10卢布，接收方赚25卢布；

B选项，则发送方赚15卢布，接收方赚10卢布。

发送方需选择以下任一信息发送给接收方：

1）选A你赚的比B多。

2）选B你赚的比A多。

可以看到，信息1）为真消息，信息2）为假消息。

最终根据接收方基于收到的信息做成A或B的选择来确定双方获得的金额。

gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/ 1）表示“判定，判断（通常指人的感受）”，英文解释为“to make a judgment about something, usually people's feelings”举个🌰：

A poll was conducted to gauge consumers' attitudes.

为了摸清消费者的看法，进行了一次民意调查。

2）表示“（尤指用测量仪器）测量，计量，测算”，英文解释为“to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device”举个🌰：

Use a thermometer to gauge the temperature.

用温度计测量一下温度。

nudge /nʌdʒ/ 本义是表示“轻推，轻触（尤指用肘部）”，英文解释为“to push something or someone gently, especially to push someone with your elbow (= the middle part of your arm where it bends) to attract the person's attention”举个🌰：

The children were giggling and nudging each other.

孩子们咯咯地笑着，互相推来推去。

2）还有“接近（更高点或水平）”的含义，英文解释为“to move slowly and almost reach a higher point or level”举个🌰：

Oil prices continue to nudge higher.

油价持续上涨。

LR must be nudging 18 now.

LR现在肯定将近18岁了。

3）表示“劝说，鼓励”，英文解释为“coax or gently encourage (someone) to do something.”

📍此前，微信推出拍一拍功能时，「拍了拍」一开始被译成“You nudged xxx”，“xxx nudged you”。

不过，现在你再去看会发现，早就已经改为了“tickle”。至于为什么要改呢，个人猜测，可能是nudge nudge有不太正经的含义。作名词时，有个表达：nudge nudge (wink wink) 什么意思呢？something you say when you want to suggest that there is a sexual meaning in something that has just been said. 看到这儿，用户可能就不敢瞎拍了吧......

A third test asked students to divide up a sum of rupees between themselves and a charity of their choice; for each rupee they chose to donate, the amount given to charity would double. Still other tests measured their memory and cognitive ability, or quizzed students about whether they would cheat on exams or believed that most businesses paid bribes.

第三个测试要求学生在自己和自己选择的慈善机构之间分配一笔钱（卢比）；他们选择捐赠的每一卢比，给慈善机构的金额将增加一倍。还有一些测试测量他们的记忆力和认知能力，或者询问学生他们是否会在考试中作弊，或者是否相信大多数企业会行贿。

rupee /ruːˈpiː/ 表示“卢比（印度、巴基斯坦、毛里求斯、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和塞舌尔等国的标准货币单位）”，英文解释为“the standard unit of money used in India, Pakistan, Mauritius, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Seychelles”

表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：

As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 

随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

表示“查问，提问”，英文解释为“to ask someone questions about something”举个🌰：

She spent an hour being quizzed by journalists.

她花了1小时时间回答记者的提问。

可作动词也可以作名词，表示“贿赂”，英文解释为“money or a present that you give to someone so that they will do something for you, usually something dishonest”，收受贿赂 accept bribes/ take bribes，举个🌰：

He was accused of accepting/taking bribes from wealthy businessmen.

他被指控收受富商们的贿赂。

Their findings differed from test to test: In the charity test, keeping more rupees for themselves was more common among government worker wannabes. However, lying during the message game seemed to have no correlation with whether students wanted to go into government work.

他们的结论因测试而异：在慈善测试中，为自己保留更多卢比在想成为政府工作人员的人中更常见。然而，在发送信息游戏中撒谎似乎与学生是否想从事政府工作无关。

wannabe /ˈwɒn.ə.bi/ 表示“梦想成功（或出名）者”，英文解释为“a person who is trying to become famous, usually unsuccessfully”举个🌰：

The bar is frequented by wannabe actresses and film directors.

这家酒吧经常有梦想成名的女演员和电影导演光顾。

Researchers speculated that the difference between that game and the dice test, both of which measure dishonesty, could be that students felt differently about stealing from other students than “the experimenters” who ran the dice game. Hanna added that it’s harder to tell if a particular person has cheated during the dice game, which might affect their actions.

研究人员推测，该游戏和骰子测试之间的区别可能是学生对从其他学生那里占便宜的感觉不同于玩骰子游戏的“实验方”。骰子游戏中更难判断某个人是否有作弊行为，这可能会影响他们的行为。

表示“推测；猜测；推断”，英文解释为“to form an opinion about sth without knowing all the details or facts”举个🌰：

We all speculated about the reasons for her resignation.

我们大家都推测过她辞职的原因。

📺美剧《24小时》（24 Hours）中的台词提到：I wouldn't want to speculate at this time, 这次我不想妄加揣测。

Surveying people about corruption also did little to predict whether people were prone to lie in real life, the researchers concluded -- a troubling finding for governments that have folded such questions into job screening. Nor did ability seem to make a difference.

研究人员总结说，对人们进行腐败调查也不能预测人们在现实生活中是否更容易撒谎。对于那些将此类问题纳入工作筛选的政府来说，这是一个令人不安的发现。能力似乎也没有什么影响。

表示“易于（受某事物影响或做某事）的”，英文解释为“To be prone to something, usually something bad, means to have a tendency to be affected by it or to do it.”举个🌰：

For all her experience as a television reporter, she was still prone to camera nerves.

尽管有丰富的做电视记者的经验，她仍然倾向于在镜头前紧张。

Complaints of corruption have stirred up past scandals in India, which ranked 94th out of 176 countries and territories in perceived corruption, according to a Transparency International index. Hanna said she was curious whether the same results turn up in other countries where government workers get higher wages and corruption is seen as less of a problem.

根据国际透明指数，在176个国家和地区中，印度的腐败指数排名第94位，对腐败问题投诉过去引发丑闻不断。汉娜说，她很好奇在其他政府工作人员工资更高的国家是否会出现同样的结果，在这些国家中，腐败被认为是一个较小的问题。

表示“激起（不快的情感）；挑起，煽动（事端）”，英文解释为“to cause an unpleasant emotion or problem to begin or grow”举个🌰：

The teacher told him to stop stirring up trouble.

老师让他不要再生事。

表示“领土；领域；领地；活动范围”，英文解释为“(an area of) land, or sometimes sea, that is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person”举个🌰：

He was shot down in enemy territory.

他在敌方领土上被击落。

- 今日盘点 -

bureau

roll a die

suspiciously

rampant

distribution

fraudulent

skip

the bulk of

absenteeism

gauge

nudge

rupee

cognitive

quiz

bribe

wannabe

speculate

be prone to

stir sth up

territory

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