“研究称专家的建议不一定更好”

近日，来自哈佛大学和弗吉尼亚大学的一项研究发现，至少在某些领域，专家（表现更好的人）并不一定能提供更好的建议，而只是提供会更多的建议。人们往往高估了专家的建议。

无注释原文：

Experts don’t always give better advice — they just give more of it

From: Study Finds

JULY 19, 2022

When in need of some guidance, most people immediately look for an expert on the topic. Surprisingly, however, researchers with the Association for Psychological Science find that many experts don’t actually give “better” advice than others — they just give more of it.

“Skillful performance and skillful teaching are not always the same thing, so we shouldn’t expect the best performers to necessarily be the best teachers as well,” says lead study author David Levari of Harvard Business School in a media release.

Across four experiments, a team of scientists from Harvard University and the University of Virginia observed that the top performers in some fields tend to give out lots of advice, but quantity doesn’t necessarily translate to quality.

“People seem to mistake quantity for quality,” study authors write. “Our studies suggest that in at least in some instances, people may overvalue advice from top performers.”

The first experiment attempted to determine if people really believe an advisor’s performance is a robust indicator of how helpful their advice will be. Over 1,100 people volunteered to play a game called “Word Scramble” and then answer questions about the experience. Players received a lot of letters and had a full minute to form as many words as possible. Each participant played three rounds and each round featured a different assortment of letters.

Next, study authors asked participants to choose an advisor they would like to get some advice from on how to improve their performance. Predictably, the group tended to want advice from the best performing players, regardless of how researchers asked the question (for example, in a free-choice or forced-choice format).

The second study set out to determine if the best performers really did give the best advice. A group of 100 “advisors” had to play six rounds of Word Scramble, write out some advice for future players, and then rate the quality of their own guidance. The best performers generally believed they gave the best advice possible.

Another experiment featured 2,085 people randomly assigned to either an advice or a no-advice group. After playing a single round of Word Scramble, participants in the advice group received advice from a random advisor and then played five more rounds. Meanwhile, the no-advice group just played six rounds without any feedback.

People in the advice group did indeed perform better after getting some guidance, and their performances tended to improve round by round. However, on average, researchers say the advice coming from the best players was not any more helpful than others’ suggestions. A similar study using the game of darts revealed a similar pattern.

“In our experiments, people given advice by top performers thought that it helped them more, even though it usually didn’t. Surprisingly, they thought this even though they didn’t know anything about the people who wrote their advice,” Levari explains.

Study authors conducted two more experiments, with the team hoping to better understand why advice from top performers is so attractive. A pair of undergraduate research assistants who were unaware of the study’s purposes and hypotheses coded the advice for seven distinct properties: authoritativeness, actionability, articulateness, obviousness, number of suggestions, “should” suggestions, and “should not” suggestions. Researchers then analyzed each one of those properties according to perceived helpfulness and perceived improvement.

Only a single property, number of suggestions, consistently predicted both perceived helpfulness and the perceived improvement of the advice. Importantly, though, the study did not find a correlation between the number of suggestions and the efficacy of the advice.

“Top performers didn’t write more helpful advice, but they did write more of it, and people in our experiments mistook quantity for quality,” Levari tells APS.

As far as why the experts’ advice wasn’t more helpful, study authors have a few theories.

The research team explains that skilled performers tend to overlook fundamental advice because “natural talent and extensive practice have made conscious thought unnecessary. A natural-born slugger who has played baseball every day since childhood may not think to tell a rookie about something they find utterly intuitive, such as balance and grip.”

Also, top-notch performers aren’t always the best communicators.

“Even when an excellent performer does have explicit information to share, they may not be especially adept at sharing it,” study authors add.

Additionally, a large quantity of advice may be too much to realistically implement.

“We spend a lot of time and money looking for good advice, whether from coworkers and coaches, teachers and tutors, or friends and family,” Levari concludes. “The next time you get advice, you may want to think less about how much of it there was, and more about how much of it you could actually use.”

The study is published in the journal Psychological Science.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Experts don’t always give better advice — they just give more of it

From: Study Finds

JULY 19, 2022

When in need of some guidance, most people immediately look for an expert on the topic. Surprisingly, however, researchers with the Association for Psychological Science find that many experts don’t actually give “better” advice than others — they just give more of it.

当需要一些指导时，大多数人会立即寻找这方面的专家。然而，令人惊讶的是，心理科学协会（Association for Psychological Science）的研究人员发现，许多专家实际上并没有给出比其他人“更好”的建议——他们只是给出了更多的建议。

psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“心灵的；心理的；精神上的”，英文解释为“connected with a person's mind and the way in which it works”如：the psychological development of children 儿童的心理发展。

“Skillful performance and skillful teaching are not always the same thing, so we shouldn’t expect the best performers to necessarily be the best teachers as well,” says lead study author David Levari of Harvard Business School in a media release.

哈佛商学院（Harvard Business School）的主要研究作者大卫·莱瓦里（David Levari）在一份媒体新闻稿中说：“技高一筹和擅长教学并不总是一回事，所以我们不应该期望出类拔萃的人也一定是最好的老师。”

Across four experiments, a team of scientists from Harvard University and the University of Virginia observed that the top performers in some fields tend to give out lots of advice, but quantity doesn’t necessarily translate to quality.

在四个实验中，来自哈佛大学（Harvard University）和弗吉尼亚大学（University of Virginia）研究团队发现，在某些领域表现最好的人往往会给出很多建议，但量变不一定能产生质变。

表示“（尤指可测量或确定的）量，数量，分量”，英文解释为“the amount or number of something, especially that can be measured”举个🌰：

Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.

警方发现他携带大/少量毒品。

除了表示“翻译”，也可以指“转变，变为；转化（尤指将计划变为现实）”，英文解释为“to change something into a new form, especially to turn a plan into something real”举个🌰：

So how does this theory translate into practical policy?

那么如何将这个理论应用于制定现实可行的政策呢？

translate sth as sth 表示“认为…意味着…”，英文解释为“to decide that words, behaviour, or actions mean a particular thing”举个🌰：

He mumbled something which I translated as agreement.

他嘴里咕哝了句什么，我想是表示同意。

“People seem to mistake quantity for quality,” study authors write. “Our studies suggest that in at least in some instances, people may overvalue advice from top performers.”

“人们似乎把数量错当成了质量，”研究作者写道，“我们的研究表明，至少在某些情况下，人们可能高估了表现最好的人的建议。”

作动词，表示“误认，错误辨认”，英文解释为“to be wrong about or to fail to recognize something or someone”举个🌰：

You can't mistake their house - it has a bright yellow front door.

你不会认错他们的房子——正门是鲜黄色的。

表示“对…估价过高，高估；对…评价过高；过于重视”，英文解释为“to put too high a value on something”举个🌰：

The company is overvalued on the stock market.

在股票市场上那个公司的价值被高估了。

The first experiment attempted to determine if people really believe an advisor’s performance is a robust indicator of how helpful their advice will be. Over 1,100 people volunteered to play a game called “Word Scramble” and then answer questions about the experience. Players received a lot of letters and had a full minute to form as many words as possible. Each participant played three rounds and each round featured a different assortment of letters.

第一个实验试图确定人们是否真的相信顾问的表现是表明他们的建议会有多大帮助的强有力指标。1100多名志愿者玩了一个名为“混乱单词”（Word Scramble）的游戏，然后回答有关体验的问题。玩家得到许多字母，并有一分钟的时间来组成尽可能多的单词。每个参与者玩了三轮，每轮都有不同的字母组合。

表示“指标”，英文解释为“something that shows what a situation is like”举个🌰：

Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation.

商品价格可以作为一种有用的通货膨胀指标。

1）作名词，原意表示“特色；特征；特点，功能”，英文解释为“something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing”，此前在iOS 14来了!文中就出现了多次的feature，介绍iOS 14各种新功能，新特点，举个🌰：

Which features do you look for when choosing a car?

你挑选轿车时要着重哪些特点？

2）feature作动词，表示“以…为特色；由…主演；以…为主要组成”，英文解释为“to include a particular person or thing as a special feature”，作动词往往可以理解为“有...”（功能/特色），举个🌰：

Many of the hotels featured in the brochure offer special deals for weekend breaks.

小册子列举的多家旅馆都有周末假日特别优待。

The film features Cary Grant as a professor.

这部电影由卡里·格兰特饰演一位教授。

📍在英文歌中会经常看到这种说法，xxxa feat. xxxb，此处feat.实际上就是feature的缩写，大概意思是歌曲中穿插另外一个人的演唱或表演，xxxa和xxxb共同演绎，合作演出。据百度百科，feat.的是后面这个歌手（或者组合）他在这首单曲里面或者这张专辑里面并不是主角，前面那个人才是这首歌的灵魂或者主人。

表示“各种各样；混合；什锦”，英文解释为“a group of different types of something”如：an assortment of vegetables 什锦菜蔬。

Next, study authors asked participants to choose an advisor they would like to get some advice from on how to improve their performance. Predictably, the group tended to want advice from the best performing players, regardless of how researchers asked the question (for example, in a free-choice or forced-choice format).

接下来，研究作者要求参与者选择一个他们希望得到一些关于如何提高他们表现的建议的顾问。不出所料，无论研究人员如何提问（例如，以自由选择或强迫选择的形式），该小组都倾向于希望得到表现最好的玩家的建议。

The second study set out to determine if the best performers really did give the best advice. A group of 100 “advisors” had to play six rounds of Word Scramble, write out some advice for future players, and then rate the quality of their own guidance. The best performers generally believed they gave the best advice possible.

第二项研究旨在确定表现最好的人是否真的给出了最好的建议。由100名“顾问”构成的组中的玩家必须玩六轮“混乱单词”游戏，并为后续的玩家写一些建议，然后评估他们自己指导的质量。表现最好的人通常认为他们给出了最好的建议。

Another experiment featured 2,085 people randomly assigned to either an advice or a no-advice group. After playing a single round of Word Scramble, participants in the advice group received advice from a random advisor and then played five more rounds. Meanwhile, the no-advice group just played six rounds without any feedback.

另一个实验的特点是，2085人被随机分配到建议组或无建议组。在玩了一轮“混乱单词”游戏后，建议组的参与者从随机顾问那里得到建议，然后再玩了五轮。与此同时，无建议组只玩了六轮，没有任何反馈信息。

People in the advice group did indeed perform better after getting some guidance, and their performances tended to improve round by round. However, on average, researchers say the advice coming from the best players was not any more helpful than others’ suggestions. A similar study using the game of darts revealed a similar pattern.

在得到一些指导后，建议组的人确实表现得更好，而且他们的表现往往逐轮提高。然而，研究人员表示，平均而言，来自最佳玩家的建议并不比其他人的建议更有帮助。一项使用飞镖游戏的类似研究揭示了类似的模式。

表示“掷飞镖游戏”，英文解释为“a game in which darts are thrown at a circular board. The number of points won depends on where the darts land on the board”如：a game of darts 一场掷镖游戏。

“In our experiments, people given advice by top performers thought that it helped them more, even though it usually didn’t. Surprisingly, they thought this even though they didn’t know anything about the people who wrote their advice,” Levari explains.

“在我们的实验中，由表现最好的人提供建议的人认为这对他们有更大的帮助，尽管通常并没有帮助。令人惊讶的是，即使他们对写建议的人一无所知，他们也会这样想，”莱瓦里解释道。

Study authors conducted two more experiments, with the team hoping to better understand why advice from top performers is so attractive. A pair of undergraduate research assistants who were unaware of the study’s purposes and hypotheses coded the advice for seven distinct properties: authoritativeness, actionability, articulateness, obviousness, number of suggestions, “should” suggestions, and “should not” suggestions. Researchers then analyzed each one of those properties according to perceived helpfulness and perceived improvement.

研究作者进行了另外两个实验，研究团队希望更好地理解为什么来自表现最好的人的建议如此有吸引力。一对不知道研究目的和假设的本科生研究助理将建议按七种不同的属性进行分析：权威性、可操作性、清晰性、显著性、建议数、“应该”建议和“不应该”建议。然后，研究人员根据感知到的有用性和可改进性来逐一分析这些属性。

表示“假设，假说”，英文解释为“an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved”举个🌰：

Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested.

已经提出了好几种全球变暖的假说。

表示“属性，性能，特性”，英文解释为“a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way”举个🌰：

One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.

铜的特性之一是导热导电能力强。

1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：

He perceived a tiny figure in the distance.

他注意到远处有个很小的身影。

2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：

How do the French perceive the British?

法国人是如何看待英国人的？

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。

Only a single property, number of suggestions, consistently predicted both perceived helpfulness and the perceived improvement of the advice. Importantly, though, the study did not find a correlation between the number of suggestions and the efficacy of the advice.

只有一个属性，即建议数，能够同时预测感知到的有用性和建议的可改进性。然而，重要的是，这项研究没有发现建议数和建议的有效性之间的相关性。

efficacy /ˈefɪkəsi/ 表示“有效性；功效”，英文解释为“the ability of something to produce the right result. If you talk about the efficacy of something, you are talking about its effectiveness and its ability to do what it is supposed to”，举个🌰：

Recent medical studies confirm the efficacy of a healthier lifestyle.

近来的医学研究证实了更健康的生活方式的功效。

“Top performers didn’t write more helpful advice, but they did write more of it, and people in our experiments mistook quantity for quality,” Levari tells APS.

“表现最好的人并没有写出更有用的建议，但他们确实写了更多的建议，我们实验中的人把数量误认为质量，”莱瓦里告诉心理科学协会。

As far as why the experts’ advice wasn’t more helpful, study authors have a few theories.

至于为什么专家的建议没有更大的帮助，研究作者有一些理论。

The research team explains that skilled performers tend to overlook fundamental advice because “natural talent and extensive practice have made conscious thought unnecessary. A natural-born slugger who has played baseball every day since childhood may not think to tell a rookie about something they find utterly intuitive, such as balance and grip.”

研究团队解释说，技艺高的人倾向于忽视基本建议，因为“天赋和大量练习使得有意识的思考成为不必要。一个从小就每天打棒球的天生击球手可能不会想到告诉新手他们觉得非常直观的东西，比如平衡感和握力。”

1）表示“（棒球）强击”，英文解释为“a baseball player who hits the ball very hard”

2）表示“非常努力做某事的人（尤指小男孩）”，英文解释为“someone, especially a young boy, who tries very hard at something”

表示“生手，新手”，英文解释为“a person who is new to an organization or an activity”举个🌰：

These rookie cops don't know anything yet.

这些新警察现在还什么都不懂呢。

Also, top-notch performers aren’t always the best communicators.

此外，顶尖高手并不总是最好的沟通者。

“Even when an excellent performer does have explicit information to share, they may not be especially adept at sharing it,” study authors add.

“即使一个表现优秀的人确实有明确的信息要分享，他们也可能不太擅长分享，”研究作者补充道。

1）表示“清楚明白的；明确的；不含糊的”，英文解释为“clear and exact”举个🌰：

I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.

我明确地告诉她来这儿怎么走。

2）表示“（描绘性或暴力）赤裸裸的，露骨的”，英文解释为“showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way”，如：a sexually explicit movie 有露骨性爱场面的电影。

adept /əˈdɛpt/ 表示“娴熟的”，英文解释为“Someone who is adept at something can do it skilfully.”举个🌰：

He's usually very adept at keeping his private life out of the media.

他通常十分擅长于使他的私生活远离媒体。

🎬电影《太空堡垒卡拉狄加：利刃》（Battlestar Galactica Razor）中的台词提到：And since it's so adept at mimicking human feeling, 既然它能如此逼真地模仿人类情感

Additionally, a large quantity of advice may be too much to realistically implement.

此外，大量的建议可能太多而无法实际实施。

“We spend a lot of time and money looking for good advice, whether from coworkers and coaches, teachers and tutors, or friends and family,” Levari concludes. “The next time you get advice, you may want to think less about how much of it there was, and more about how much of it you could actually use.”

“我们花了大量的时间和金钱寻找好的建议，无论是来自同事和教练、老师和导师，还是朋友和家人，”莱瓦里总结道。“下次你寻求建议时，可能别考虑建议的多少，而应该更多地考虑实际有多少建议可行。”

The study is published in the journal Psychological Science.

这项研究发表在《心理科学》（Psychological Science）杂志上。

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