刚刚，2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓

斯万特·佩博（瑞典语：Svante Pääbo，又译为施温提·柏保，1955年4月20日－），他的父亲苏恩·伯格斯特龙（瑞典语：Sune Karl Bergström）是瑞典生物化学家，也是1982年诺贝尔生理学与医学奖得主。

无注释原文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing “those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

2022年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖颁发给瑞典遗传学家斯万特·帕博（Svante Pääbo），以表彰他在人类进化方面的发现。该奖项于10月3日星期一宣布。

physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示“生理学”，英文解释为“(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work”。

geneticist /dʒəˈnet.ɪ.sɪst/ 表示“遗传学家”，英文解释为“a person who studies genetics”

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing “those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

1895年，瑞典博学大师、炸药发明者阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）立嘱将其遗产的大部分设立五个奖项（化学、物理学和生理学/医学奖，外加一个文学奖和一个和平奖），以表彰“那些在过去一年中为人类带来最大贡献的人”。第一个奖项是在1901年颁发的。第六个奖项，严格来说不是诺贝尔奖，是1968年设立的，瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖。

polymath /ˈpɒl.i.mæθ/ 表示“博学的人”，英文解释为“a person who knows a lot about many different subjects”

dynamite /ˈdaɪ.nə.maɪt/ 表示“黄色炸药，达纳炸药，甘油炸药”，英文解释为“a type of explosive”如：a stick of dynamite 一根达纳炸药。

bequeath /bɪˈkwiːð/ 表示“把…遗赠给”，英文解释为“to arrange for money or property to be given to somebody after your death”举个🌰：

Her father bequeathed her the family fortune in his will.

她父亲在遗嘱中写明将家产传给她。

preceding /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ 表示“在前的，在先的，前面的”，英文解释为“existing or happening before someone or something”举个🌰：

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

2020年，诺贝尔基金会董事会将每个诺贝尔奖项奖金增加到1000万克朗（相当于110万美元多一点）。

表示“董事会，理事会”，英文解释为“the group of people who shareholders choose to manage a company or organization”。

krone /ˈkrəʊ.nə/ 表示“克朗（丹麦和挪威货币单位）”，英文解释为“the standard unit of money used in Denmark and Norway”，复数 kroner.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

在今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁奖之前，自1901年设立以来，共有224名诺贝尔奖获得者（212名男性和12名女性）获得了112次诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。去年，加州大学旧金山分校的戴维·朱利叶斯（David Julius）和斯克里普斯研究所、霍华德·休斯医学研究所的雅顿·帕塔普蒂安（Ardem Patapoutian）共同获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，“因为他们发现温度和触觉感受器。”

表示“感受器；受体”，英文解释为“a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways”。

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.” His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

帕博的专业是进化遗传学，他被授予诺贝尔奖，“以表彰他在已灭绝的古人类基因组和人类进化方面的发现。”诺贝尔奖官方新闻稿进一步总结了他的贡献如下：

specialty /ˈspeʃ.əl.ti/ 表示“专业；专长”，英文解释为“a subject that someone knows a lot about”举个🌰：

His specialty is computer science.

hominin /ˈhɒm.ɪ.nɪn/ 表示“人类；原始人类”，英文解释为“a human, or an early form of human”

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

通过他的开创性研究，斯万特·帕博完成了一件看似不可能的事情：对尼安德特人（Neanderthal）的基因组进行测序，尼安德特人是当今人类的灭绝亲属。他还轰动性地发现了一种前所未知的古人类丹尼索瓦人（Denisova）。重要的是，帕博还发现，大约7万年前，随着人类从非洲迁出后，基因从这些现已灭绝的古人类转移到了智人身上。这种古老的基因流向现今的人类，在今天具有生理上的意义，例如影响我们的免疫系统对感染的反应。

pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“先驱性的，开创性的”，英文解释为“using ideas and methods that have never been used before”如：pioneering techniques 创新技术。

一些更耸人听闻的报纸以很大篇幅报道了这一丑闻。

migration /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ 表示“（动物应季节变化而作出的）迁徙，移栖”，英文解释为“the process of animals travelling to a different place, usually when the season changes”举个🌰：

Christmas Island is known for its annual migration of 50 million bright red land crabs from the forest to the sea.

圣诞岛闻名于世的奇观是岛上的五千万只鲜红色陆蟹每年会从森林向海里移栖。

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

帕博的开创性研究催生了一门全新的科学学科：古基因组学（paleogenomics）。通过揭示区分所有活着人类和灭绝人类的基因差异，他的发现为探索是什么让我们成为独特的人类提供了基础。

表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

斯万特·帕博1955年出生于瑞典斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm），1986年获得乌普萨拉大学（University of Uppsala）博士学位。他在苏黎世大学和加州大学伯克利分校完成了博士后研究。

doctor of philosophy 的缩写，表示“（哲学）博士；（哲学）博士学位”，英文解释为“abbreviation for doctor of philosophy: the highest college or university degree, or someone who has this”如：a PhD student/thesis 博士生/论文。

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

1990年，帕博被任命为德国慕尼黑大学的教授。1999年，他在德国莱比锡创立了马克斯·普朗克进化人类学研究所

，至今仍在那里工作。他还在日本冲绳科学技术大学院大学担任兼职教授。

表示“兼职教授，客座教授，副教授”，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

帕博的父亲是生物化学家苏恩·伯格斯特龙（Sune Bergström），1982年，其父亲与本特·I·萨缪尔森和约翰·R·韦恩一起获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。帕博是瑞典皇家科学院的成员，他的开创性发现获得了许多奖项，包括戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨奖、路易斯·简安特医学奖、奇斯特勒奖和丹·大卫奖。

公众号后台对话框里发送：666

参与抽奖（10月8日0点开）

公众号后台对话框里发送：沙发

查看沙发计划，抢沙发拿奖励

公众号后台对话框里发送：打卡

参与每天持续行动打卡计划

公众号后台对话框里发送：提问

查看提问指南，不懂先查再问

- 推荐阅读 -

2022政府工作报告中英文对照注释版

为了这个合集，准备了整整1年9月

「LearnAndRecord」2021大盘点

写在七周年的话

- END -