新研究称生育永久改变女性骨骼

近日，一项基于灵长类动物的研究发现，生育会以前所未有的方式永久改变女性的骨骼。研究结果显示，生育过的女性体内钙、镁和磷浓度较低。这些变化与分娩本身和哺乳有关。

🤔️小作业：

无注释原文：

Anthropologists Find New Ways Female Bones Are Permanently Altered After Giving Birth

From: New York University

Nov 1, 2022

Reproduction permanently alters females’ bones in ways not previously known, a team of anthropologists has found. Its discovery, based on an analysis of primates, sheds new light on how giving birth can permanently change the body. 

“Our findings provide additional evidence of the profound impact that reproduction has on the female organism, further demonstrating that the skeleton is not a static organ, but a dynamic one that changes with life events,” explains Paola Cerrito, who led the research as a doctoral student in NYU’s Department of Anthropology and College of Dentistry. 

Specifically, the researchers found that calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus concentrations are lower in females who have experienced reproduction. These changes are linked to giving birth itself and to lactation. 

However, they caution that while other clinical studies show calcium and phosphorus are necessary for optimal bone strength, the new findings do not address overall health implications for either primates or humans. Rather, they say, the work illuminates the dynamic nature of our bones.

“A bone is not a static and dead portion of the skeleton,” notes NYU anthropologist Shara Bailey, one of the study’s authors. “It continuously adjusts and responds to physiological processes.”

The other authors of the study, which appears in the journal PLOS ONE, are Timothy Bromage, a professor in NYU College of Dentistry, Bin Hu, an adjunct professor at NYU College of Dentistry, Justin Goldstein, a doctoral candidate at Texas State University, and Rachel Kalisher, a doctoral candidate at Brown University.

It’s been long-established that menopause can have an effect on females’ bones. Less clear is how preceding life-cycle events, such as reproduction, can influence skeletal composition. To address this, the researchers studied the primary lamellar bone—the main type of bone in a mature skeleton. This aspect of the skeleton is an ideal part of the body to examine because it changes over time and leaves biological markers of these changes, allowing scientists to monitor alterations during the life span.

In the PLOS ONE study, the researchers examined the growth rate of lamellar bone in the femora, or thigh bones, of both female and male primates who had lived at the Sabana Seca Field Station in Puerto Rico and died of natural causes. Veterinarians at the field station had monitored and recorded information on these primates’ health and reproductive history, allowing the researchers to match bone-composition changes to life events with notable precision. 

Cerrito and her colleagues used electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis—commonly deployed methods to gauge the chemical composition of tissue samples—to calculate changes in concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, and sodium in the primates’ bones. 

Their results showed different concentrations of some of these elements in females who gave birth compared males as well as females who did not give birth. Specifically, in females who gave birth, calcium and phosphorus were lower in bone formed during reproductive events. Moreover, there was a significant decline in magnesium concentration during these primates’ breastfeeding of infants. 

“Our research shows that even before the cessation of fertility the skeleton responds dynamically to changes in reproductive status,” says Cerrito, now a research fellow at ETH Zurich. “Moreover, these findings reaffirm the significant impact giving birth has on a female organism—quite simply, evidence of reproduction is ‘written in the bones’ for life.”

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释原文：

Anthropologists Find New Ways Female Bones Are Permanently Altered After Giving Birth

From: New York University

Nov 1, 2022

Reproduction permanently alters females’ bones in ways not previously known, a team of anthropologists has found. Its discovery, based on an analysis of primates, sheds new light on how giving birth can permanently change the body.

一个人类学家团队发现，生育会以前所未有的方式永久改变女性的骨骼。这一发现基于对灵长类动物的分析，为生育如何永久改变身体提供了新的线索。

reproduction /ˌriː.prəˈdʌk.ʃən/ 表示“生殖；生育；繁殖”，英文解释为“the process of having babies, producing young, or producing new plants”如：human/sexual reproduction 人类繁衍/有性生殖。

表示“（使）改变，更改，改动”，英文解释为“to become different; to make sb/sth different”举个🌰：

We've had to alter some of our plans.

我们不得不对一些计划作了改动。

🎬电影《大侦探福尔摩斯》（Sherlock Holmes）中的台词提到：that will alter the very course of the world. 足以改变世界的力量。

anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɒːlədʒɪst/ 表示“人类学家”，英文解释为“a person who studies anthropology”

📍anthropology /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪ/：the study of the human race, especially of its origins, development, customs and beliefs 人类学。

表示“灵长类动物”，英文解释为“a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and apes”

cast/shed/throw light on sth 表示“使（问题等）较容易理解；为…提供解释；使…较容易理解；阐明；使…清楚地显出”，英文解释为“to make a problem, etc. easier to understand”举个🌰：

As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem.

作为经济学家，他能解释这个问题。

“Our findings provide additional evidence of the profound impact that reproduction has on the female organism, further demonstrating that the skeleton is not a static organ, but a dynamic one that changes with life events,” explains Paola Cerrito, who led the research as a doctoral student in NYU’s Department of Anthropology and College of Dentistry. 

“我们的发现为生育对女性机体产生的深远影响提供了额外的证据，进一步证明骨骼不是静态器官，而是一个随着生命周期事件而变化的动态器官，”带领这项研究的保拉·塞里托（Paola Cerrito）解释道，她是纽约大学人类学系和牙科学院的博士生。 

表示“生物体；有机体；微生物”，英文解释为“a single living plant, animal, virus, etc.”举个🌰：

Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms.

变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。

skeleton /ˈskɛlɪtən/ 表示“骨骼，骨架”，英文解释为“the frame of bones supporting a human or animal body”举个🌰：

We found an old sheep skeleton up on the cliffs.

我们在悬崖上发现了一副老绵羊的骨架。

📍冬奥会项目有个项目：俯式冰橇，英文就是skeleton，又称钢架雪车，以雪橇为比赛工具的冬运动项目，最高速度可达每小时130公里。

organ /ˈɔː.ɡən/ 表示“（动植物的）器官”，英文解释为“a part of the body of an animal or plant that performs a particular job”如：an external/internal/reproductive organ 外部/内部/生殖器官。

Specifically, the researchers found that calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus concentrations are lower in females who have experienced reproduction. These changes are linked to giving birth itself and to lactation. 

具体来说，研究人员发现，生育过的女性体内钙、镁和磷浓度较低。这些变化与分娩本身和哺乳有关。 

calcium /ˈkæl.si.əm/ 表示“（化学元素）钙”，英文解释为“a chemical element that is present in teeth, bones, and chalk”

magnesium /mæɡˈniː.zi.əm/ 表示“（化学元素）镁”，英文解释为“a chemical element that is a silver-white metal. Magnesium burns very brightly and is used in making fireworks.”

phosphorus /ˈfɒs.fər.əs/ 表示“磷”，英文解释为“a poisonous chemical element that is usually yellowish-white or sometimes red or black in colour, shines in the dark, and burns when in the air”

concentration除了表示我们平常熟悉的“专注、专心；关注、重视；集中、聚集”等，还可以表示“浓度”，英文解释为“the exact amount of one particular substance that is found in another substance”举个🌰：

High concentrations of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas.

在被污染地区发现了高浓度的有毒元素。

lactation /lækˈteɪ.ʃən/ 表示“泌乳；哺乳；哺乳期；授乳”，英文解释为“the process in which a woman or female animal produces milk”

However, they caution that while other clinical studies show calcium and phosphorus are necessary for optimal bone strength, the new findings do not address overall health implications for either primates or humans. Rather, they say, the work illuminates the dynamic nature of our bones.

然而，他们警告说，尽管其他临床研究表明钙和磷是最佳骨骼强度所必需的，但新发现并没有论证对灵长类动物或人类的整体健康影响。相反，他们说，这项研究阐明了我们骨骼的动态特性。

作名词，表示“谨慎，小心，慎重”，英文解释为“great care and attention”举个🌰：We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。

作动词，表示“告诫，提醒”，英文解释为“to warn someone”举个🌰：

The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.

报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，不要购买股票。

1）表示“可能的影响（或作用、结果）”，英文解释为“a possible effect or result of an action or a decision”举个🌰：

The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.

这个地点的开发将会影响周围的乡村。

2）表示“含意；暗指，暗示”，英文解释为“an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly”举个🌰：

From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.

她的话中暗示他们将要分手。

illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/ 1）表示“照亮”，英文解释为“To illuminate something means to shine light on it and to make it brighter and more visible.”举个🌰：

No streetlights illuminated the street.

一盏照亮街道的路灯也没有。

2）表示“阐明，解释”，英文解释为“If you illuminate something that is unclear or difficult to understand, you make it clearer by explaining it carefully or giving information about it.”举个🌰：

Instead of formulas and charts, the two instructors use games and drawings to illuminate their subject.

这两位教师用游戏和图画而不是公式和图表来阐明他们的题旨。

3）形容词：illuminating，表示“富有启发性的”，举个🌰：

It would be illuminating to hear the views of the club vice-chairman. 

听听俱乐部副主席的观点或许会有启发。

🎬电影《哈利·波特与混血王子》（Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince）中的台词提到：And I thought perhaps you could illuminate me. 或许您可以指点我一下。

“A bone is not a static and dead portion of the skeleton,” notes NYU anthropologist Shara Bailey, one of the study’s authors. “It continuously adjusts and responds to physiological processes.”

“骨头不是骨骼中静态和不活跃的部分，”该研究的作者之一、纽约大学人类学家莎拉·贝利（Shara Bailey）指出。“它会不断调整并对生理过程作出反应。”

physiological /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“生理学的”，英文解释为“relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work”举个🌰：

Touching causes a physiological reaction.

触摸引起生理反应。

The other authors of the study, which appears in the journal PLOS ONE, are Timothy Bromage, a professor in NYU College of Dentistry, Bin Hu, an adjunct professor at NYU College of Dentistry, Justin Goldstein, a doctoral candidate at Texas State University, and Rachel Kalisher, a doctoral candidate at Brown University.

这项发表在《公共科学图书馆-综合》（PLOS ONE）杂志上的研究的其他作者包括纽约大学牙科学院教授蒂莫西·布洛马奇（Timothy Bromage）、纽约大学牙科学院副教授胡斌（Bin Hu，音译）、德克萨斯州立大学博士生贾斯汀·戈尔茨坦（Justin Goldstein）和布朗大学博士生雷切尔·卡利舍（Rachel Kalisher）。

表示“兼职教授，客座教授，副教授”，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.

candidate /ˈkæn.dɪ.dət/ 通常表示“申请人；候选人”，英文解释为“a person who is competing to get a job or elected position”，也可以指“攻读学位者“，英文解释为“A candidate is someone who is studying for a degree at a college.”

📍a doctoral candidate 指的就是即将成为博士的人，博士研究生，博士生，此外也可以直接用a doctoral student 表示博士生。

It’s been long-established that menopause can have an effect on females’ bones. Less clear is how preceding life-cycle events, such as reproduction, can influence skeletal composition. To address this, the researchers studied the primary lamellar bone—the main type of bone in a mature skeleton. This aspect of the skeleton is an ideal part of the body to examine because it changes over time and leaves biological markers of these changes, allowing scientists to monitor alterations during the life span.

长期以来，人们一直认为更年期会对女性的骨骼产生影响。不太清楚的是，之前的生命周期事件（如生育）会如何影响骨骼成分。为了解决这个问题，研究人员研究了初级板层骨（lamellar bone）——成熟骨骼中的主要骨骼类型。这种骨骼类型由于会随着时间的推移而变化并留下相应的生物标志物，因此是科学家检测身体在生命周期内变化的理想部位。

established形容词，1）可以表示“（因为优秀而）被认可的，著名的”，英文解释为“used for describing someone who is known for doing a job well, because they have been doing it for a long time”，如：an established artist/star 著名艺术家/明星。

2）表示“（因长期存在而）已确立的；被承认的；既定的”，英文解释为“accepted or respected because of having existed for a long period of time”举个🌰：

There are established procedures for dealing with emergencies.

处理紧急情况有一些既定程序。

menopause /ˈmen.ə.pɔːz/ 表示“绝经，绝经期；更年期”，英文解释为“the time in a woman's life when she gradually stops having periods (= blood flow from her uterus each month)”

preceding /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ 表示“在前的，在先的，前面的”，英文解释为“existing or happening before someone or something”举个🌰：

composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ 表示“成分；构成；结构”，英文解释为“the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of”如：the composition of the atmosphere 大气的构成。

In the PLOS ONE study, the researchers examined the growth rate of lamellar bone in the femora, or thigh bones, of both female and male primates who had lived at the Sabana Seca Field Station in Puerto Rico and died of natural causes. Veterinarians at the field station had monitored and recorded information on these primates’ health and reproductive history, allowing the researchers to match bone-composition changes to life events with notable precision.

在《公共科学图书馆-综合》的这项研究中，研究人员分析了生活在波多黎各（Puerto Rico）萨巴那塞卡野外站（Sabana Seca Field Station）并自然死亡的雌性和雄性灵长类动物股骨中板层骨的生长速度。该野外站的兽医监测并记录了这些灵长类动物的健康和生育历史信息，使研究人员能够非常精确地将骨骼成分的变化与生命周期事件相匹配。 

femur /ˈfiː.mər/ 复数：femurs或则femora，表示“股骨”，英文解释为“the long bone in the upper part of the leg”

veterinarian /ˌvet.ər.ɪˈneə.ri.ən/，vet 的正式说法，表示“兽医”，英文解释为“formal for vet ”

1）表示“准确（性），精确（性），精密（度）”，英文解释为“the quality of being exact”举个🌰：

Great precision is required to align the mirrors accurately.

校准反光镜需要极高的精确性。

2）表示“严谨；细致，认真”，英文解释为“the qualities of being careful and accurate”举个🌰：

His books are a pleasure to read because he writes with such clarity and precision.

他的书读起来赏心悦目，因为他的写作清晰而又严谨。

Cerrito and her colleagues used electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis—commonly deployed methods to gauge the chemical composition of tissue samples—to calculate changes in concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, and sodium in the primates’ bones. 

保拉·塞里托和她的同事使用电子显微镜（electron microscopy）和能量色散x射线分析（energy-dispersive X-ray analysis）——测量组织样本化学成分的常用方法——来计算灵长类动物骨骼中钙、磷、氧、镁和钠浓度的变化。 

gauge /ɡeɪdʒ/ 1）表示“判定，判断（通常指人的感受）”，英文解释为“to make a judgment about something, usually people's feelings”举个🌰：

A poll was conducted to gauge consumers' attitudes.

为了摸清消费者的看法，进行了一次民意调查。

2）表示“（尤指用测量仪器）测量，计量，测算”，英文解释为“to calculate an amount, especially by using a measuring device”举个🌰：

Use a thermometer to gauge the temperature.

用温度计测量一下温度。

sodium /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ 表示“钠”，英文解释为“a soft, silver-white chemical element that is found in salt”

Their results showed different concentrations of some of these elements in females who gave birth compared males as well as females who did not give birth. Specifically, in females who gave birth, calcium and phosphorus were lower in bone formed during reproductive events. Moreover, there was a significant decline in magnesium concentration during these primates’ breastfeeding of infants. 

他们的结果显示，与未生育的雄性和雌性相比，在生育的雌性中这些元素的浓度有所不同。具体来说，在生育的雌性中，生育过程中形成的骨骼中的钙和磷较低。此外，这些灵长类动物在喂养幼崽期间，镁的浓度显著下降。

breastfeeding /ˈbrest.fiː.dɪŋ/ 表示“哺乳，哺育”，英文解释为“a way of feeding a baby directly with milk from a woman's breasts”举个🌰：

A good diet is essential during breastfeeding.

哺乳期的母亲必须保证良好的饮食。

表示“婴儿”，英文解释为“a baby or a very young child”。

📍newborn一般作形容词，表示“新生的”，如：a newborn infant 新生儿。

“Our research shows that even before the cessation of fertility the skeleton responds dynamically to changes in reproductive status,” says Cerrito, now a research fellow at ETH Zurich. “Moreover, these findings reaffirm the significant impact giving birth has on a female organism—quite simply, evidence of reproduction is ‘written in the bones’ for life.”

“我们的研究表明，即使在生育能力停止之前，骨骼也会对生育状态的变化做出动态反应，”现为苏黎世联邦理工学院研究员的保拉·塞里托说。“此外，这些发现重申了生育对女性机体的重大影响——很简单，生育的证据永久地“刻在了骨头里”。

表示“结束，停止；中断，中止”，英文解释为“ending or stopping”举个🌰：

They have called for a total cessation of the bombing campaign.

他们呼吁彻底停止这场轰炸行动。

表示“富饶；丰产；生殖力；能生育性；可繁殖性”，英文解释为“the state of being fertile”，如：a fertility symbol 生殖力的象征，declining fertility rates 下降的生育率，the fertility of the soil/land 土壤的肥沃；土地的丰饶，a god of fertility 丰收之神，fertility treatment (= medical help given to a person to help them have a baby) 不孕症治疗。

- 今日盘点 -

reproduction

alter

anthropologist

primate

shed light on

organism

demonstrate

skeleton

organ

calcium

magnesium

phosphorus

concentration

lactation

caution

implication

illuminate

physiological

adjunct professor

candidate

established

menopause

preceding

composition

femur

veterinarian

precision

gauge

sodium

breastfeeding

infant

cessation

fertility

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