世界杯来啦

四年一度的世界杯来啦。2022年卡塔尔世界杯开幕式将于北京时间22:30举行。

🤔️小作业：

无注释原文：

How the 2022 World Cup Works

From: The New York Times

Everything you wanted to know about the World Cup in Qatar, and some things you didn’t.

The World Cup is nearly here. The schedule is complete. The leagues have stopped. The players have arrived. Yet even as the teams know where they are meant to be and who they are meant to play, there are still plenty of questions about how things will unfold as soccer moves center stage over the month in Qatar. Here’s a primer.

What is the World Cup?

The World Cup, a quadrennial tournament pitting the best national soccer teams against each other for the title of world champion, is the most important sports event in the world.

Where is it being held?

This year’s host is Qatar, which in 2010 beat the United States and Japan to win the right to hold the tournament. Whether that was an honest competition remains in dispute.

That is unusual.

The World Cup has never been held on the Arabian Peninsula before, for good reason.

When is it?

The tournament will open on Nov. 20, when Qatar plays Ecuador. That counts as a slow day; over the two weeks that follow, four games will be played on most days. The tournament ends with the final on Dec. 18, when the winner gets a very heavy (and surprisingly small) gold trophy.

Is a winter World Cup normal?

No. The World Cup usually takes place in July — or it did, until Qatar won the right to host it. Initially, Qatar said that it would go ahead and hold the tournament in its normal summer window, despite the fact that its temperatures can reach 120 degrees; it brushed aside any suggestion it could not do so with the help of cooling technology that did not, at the time, exist. In 2015, FIFA, soccer’s world governing body, eventually concluded that the summer temperatures might have unpleasant consequences for fans and players — sluggishness, heat stroke, death, etc. — and agreed to move the tournament to the relatively bearable months of November and December.

So Qatar will be nice and cool?

No. Temperatures in Qatar this time of year are generally in the 80s, and so not unlike those at a traditional World Cup. (Have you been to Manaus, Brazil, in July?) But organizers have tried to get around this unpleasant state of affairs by installing systems meant to cool the air in seven of Qatar’s eight outdoor stadiums to a manageable 68 degrees.

Qatar is so small. How can it accommodate all these matches?

It is true that Qatar is tiny; at 4,416 square miles, it is 0.12 percent of the size of the United States and by far the smallest nation ever to host the World Cup. All the games will take place in a tight circle of eight stadiums in and around the capital, Doha, making it the most compact World Cup in history.

How many teams are competing?

Thirty-two. Qatar qualified automatically as the host, and after years of matches — including a few bonus months, thanks to the coronavirus pandemic — the other 31 teams earned the right to come and play. (That number will increase to 48 teams in 2026, at the next World Cup, which will be held across the considerably larger real estate of Mexico, Canada and the United States.)

This is a men’s tournament. What about women?

The women have their own World Cup. The next one is in 2023, and will take place in Australia and New Zealand. They’ve already held the draw for that one.

I feel stupid saying “soccer” when most of the world calls it “football.”

It is an American burden, or an example of American exceptionalism, to call the sport by a different word than almost every other country in the English-speaking world. Americans have their own game of football, of course, but for the purposes of the World Cup, you are allowed to say “football” instead of “soccer.” What you should not do is tell other people what they can call it. That just makes you a jerk.

Explain how the tournament works.

The 32 teams are divided into eight groups of four, designated by the letters A-H. In the tournament-opening group stage, each team plays all the other teams in its group once. The top two finishers in each group advance to the round of 16. After that, the World Cup is a straight knockout tournament.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释原文：

How the 2022 World Cup Works

From: The New York Times

Everything you wanted to know about the World Cup in Qatar, and some things you didn’t.

你想知道的关于卡塔尔（Qatar）世界杯的一切，还有一些你不知道的事情。

The World Cup is nearly here. The schedule is complete. The leagues have stopped. The players have arrived. Yet even as the teams know where they are meant to be and who they are meant to play, there are still plenty of questions about how things will unfold as soccer moves center stage over the month in Qatar. Here’s a primer.

世界杯即将到来。赛程已定。各大联赛已暂停。球员已到达。然而，即使这些球队知道他们应该去哪里，要和谁比赛，但随着足球在卡塔尔成为本月关注的焦点，事情将会如何发展仍然有很多问题。这里有入门指南。

字面意思就是“打开；展开；摊开”，也可以指形势或故事的“发展，展现，呈现，披露”，英文解释为“If a situation or story unfolds, it develops or becomes clear to other people.”举个🌰：

As the plot unfolds, you gradually realize that all your initial assumptions were wrong.

随着情节的展开，你会慢慢意识到自己最初的那些猜测都是不对的。

primer /ˈpraɪmə/ 表示“入门书，初学者读物”，英文解释为“a small book containing basic facts about a subject, used especially when you are beginning to learn about that subject”。

What is the World Cup? 世界杯是什么？

The World Cup, a quadrennial tournament pitting the best national soccer teams against each other for the title of world champion, is the most important sports event in the world.

世界杯是一项四年一度的赛事，让最好的国家足球队相互竞争世界冠军的头衔，是世界上最重要的体育赛事。

quadrennial /kwɒdˈren.i.əl/ 表示“每四年一次的，四年一度的”，英文解释为“happening every four years”举个🌰：

The Olympic Games is a quadrennial gathering of athletes from around the world.

奥运会是全世界运动员四年一度的聚会。

表示“使相斗；使竞争；使较量”，英文解释为“to cause one person, group, or thing to fight against or be in competition with another”，也有用pitch sb/sth against sb/sth这个表达，英文解释为“to make someone fight or compete against someone else”，互相较劲/较量/对立/对战，举个🌰：

The climbers pitted themselves against the mountain.

攀登者与大山一较高下。

It was a bitter war, that pitted neighbour against neighbour.

那是一场可怕的战争，使人和人之间相互为敌。

📍此前，霉霉新歌MV与水果姐拥抱 重归于好文中就提到：It also reiterates that while fans might be out there trying to pit females stars against one another,

Where is it being held? 在哪里举行？

This year’s host is Qatar, which in 2010 beat the United States and Japan to win the right to hold the tournament. Whether that was an honest competition remains in dispute.

今年的东道主是卡塔尔。卡塔尔在2010年击败了美国和日本，赢得了世界杯的举办权。该竞争是否公平仍有争议。

可以作名词，也可以作动词，1）表示“对…提出质询；对…表示异议（或怀疑）”，英文解释为“to question whether sth is true and valid”举个🌰：

These figures have been disputed.

有人对这些数字提出了质疑。

2）表示“争论；辩论；争执”，英文解释为“to argue or disagree strongly with sb about sth, especially about who owns sth”举个🌰：

The issue remains hotly disputed.

这个问题至今仍在激烈地辩论中。

3）表示“争夺；竞争”，英文解释为“to fight to get control of sth or to win sth”。

🎬电影《地狱男爵2：黄金军团》（Hellboy II: The Golden Army）中的台词提到：Is there anyone here who would dispute my right? 有人想和我争权吗？

🎬电影《拜见岳父大人3》（Little Fockers）中的台词提到：While I dispute the findings, I appreciate the gesture. 虽然我对结果有质疑 我谢谢你们的好意。

That is unusual. 这很不寻常。

The World Cup has never been held on the Arabian Peninsula before, for good reason.

世界杯以前从未在阿拉伯半岛举行过，这是有充分理由的。

peninsula /pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə/ 表示“半岛”，英文解释为“A peninsula is a long narrow piece of land that sticks out from a larger piece of land and is almost completely surrounded by water.”

When is it? 什么时候？

The tournament will open on Nov. 20, when Qatar plays Ecuador. That counts as a slow day; over the two weeks that follow, four games will be played on most days. The tournament ends with the final on Dec. 18, when the winner gets a very heavy (and surprisingly small) gold trophy.

世界杯将于11月20日开幕，届时卡塔尔（Qatar）将对阵厄瓜多尔（Ecuador）。这算得上是赛程宽松的一天；在接下来的两周里，大多数日子一天都将进行四场比赛。决赛将于12月18日举行，获胜球队将获得一个非常重（但出奇小）的金奖杯。

trophy /ˈtrəʊfɪ/ 表示“奖，（流动）奖杯”，英文解释为“a prize, such as a gold or silver cup, that is given to the winner of a competition or race, and often returned after a year to be given to the winner of the competition in the following year”举个🌰：

He's an excellent rider, but he's never won a major trophy.

他是个出色的骑手，但从未赢得过任何一项重要比赛的冠军。

Is a winter World Cup normal? 冬季举行世界杯正常吗？

No. The World Cup usually takes place in July — or it did, until Qatar won the right to host it. Initially, Qatar said that it would go ahead and hold the tournament in its normal summer window, despite the fact that its temperatures can reach 120 degrees; it brushed aside any suggestion it could not do so with the help of cooling technology that did not, at the time, exist. In 2015, FIFA, soccer’s world governing body, eventually concluded that the summer temperatures might have unpleasant consequences for fans and players — sluggishness, heat stroke, death, etc. — and agreed to move the tournament to the relatively bearable months of November and December.

不正常。世界杯通常在7月举行——或者说确实在7月举行，直到卡塔尔赢得主办权。最初，卡塔尔官方表示，尽管气温可能达到120华氏度（约48.8摄氏度），但它将继续在正常的夏季时间举行比赛；它对任何在当时并不存在的冷却技术的帮助下无法做到这一点的说法置之不理。2015年，足球世界管理机构国际足联（FIFA）最终得出结论，夏季气温可能会给球迷和球员带来令人不快的后果——懒散、中暑、死亡等，并同意将比赛推迟到相对可以忍受的11月和12月。

brush sb/sth aside 表示“对…置之不理；漠视”，英文解释为“to refuse to consider something seriously because you feel that it is not important”举个🌰：

She brushed their objections aside, saying "Leave it to me."

她对他们的反对置之不理，说道：“交给我吧。”

sluggishness /ˈslʌɡ.ɪʃ.nəs/ 表示“行动缓慢；迟缓”，英文解释为“the quality or fact of being sluggish (= moving or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy)”举个🌰：

I’ve been experiencing a few minor health issues recently, such as fatigue and general sluggishness.

最近我有一些轻微的健康问题，比如疲劳和全身乏力。

表示“中暑”，英文解释为“a condition that can lead to death, caused by being too long in a very hot place”

So Qatar will be nice and cool? 那么，卡塔尔会凉快吗？

No. Temperatures in Qatar this time of year are generally in the 80s, and so not unlike those at a traditional World Cup. (Have you been to Manaus, Brazil, in July?) But organizers have tried to get around this unpleasant state of affairs by installing systems meant to cool the air in seven of Qatar’s eight outdoor stadiums to a manageable 68 degrees.

不会。卡塔尔每年这个时候的气温一般都在80华氏度（26.6约摄氏度）左右，所以和传统世界杯的温度没什么两样。（你7月份去过巴西的马瑙斯吗？）但是组织者试图通过安装系统，将卡塔尔八个室外体育场中的七个体育场的空气冷却到可控的68华氏度，来避免这一令人不快的状况。

表示“安装；安顿，安置”，英文解释为“to put furniture, a machine, or a piece of equipment into position and make it ready to use”举个🌰：

The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine.

水管工明天来安装新的洗衣机。

还可以表示“正式任命，使正式就职”，英文解释为“to put someone in an important job or position”举个🌰：

She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers.

她任用几名年轻的大学教师作为顾问。

Qatar is so small. How can it accommodate all these matches? 卡塔尔这么小。它怎么能容纳所有这些比赛？

It is true that Qatar is tiny; at 4,416 square miles, it is 0.12 percent of the size of the United States and by far the smallest nation ever to host the World Cup. All the games will take place in a tight circle of eight stadiums in and around the capital, Doha, making it the most compact World Cup in history.

的确，卡塔尔非常小。它的面积为4416平方英里，只有美国面积的0.12%，是迄今为止举办世界杯的最小国家。所有的比赛都将在首都多哈及其周围的八个体育场馆中进行，这使得它成为历史上最紧凑的世界杯。

The hotel can accommodate up to 123 guests.

这家旅馆可供123位旅客住宿。

2）表示“容纳；为…提供空间”，英文解释为“to provide enough space for sb/sth”举个🌰：

Over 10 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.

一张激光唱片可以容纳10多分钟的音乐。 

3）表示“为…提供方便；对…予以照顾性考虑”，英文解释为“to give what is needed to someone”举个🌰：

We always try to accommodate (= help) our clients with financial assistance if necessary.

必要时，我们总是尽力为客户提供财务上的帮助。

4）表示“考虑到；顾及”，英文解释为“to consider sth, such as sb's opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining sth”举个🌰：

Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.

我们的提案尽量照顾到少数群体的特殊需要。

5）表示“顺应，适应（新情况）”，英文解释为“to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better”举个🌰：

作形容词，指紧凑的；体积小的；作名词表示“小型汽车”，英文解释为“ A compact or a compact car is a car that is smaller than the average car, and that is economical to run.”

📍SUV：A sport utility vehicle is a powerful vehicle with four-wheel drive that can be driven over rough ground. The abbreviation is often used. 运动型多功能车（四轮驱动、可在崎岖路段行驶）

How many teams are competing? 有多少支球队在竞争？

Thirty-two. Qatar qualified automatically as the host, and after years of matches — including a few bonus months, thanks to the coronavirus pandemic — the other 31 teams earned the right to come and play. (That number will increase to 48 teams in 2026, at the next World Cup, which will be held across the considerably larger real estate of Mexico, Canada and the United States.)

32支。卡塔尔作为东道主自动获得资格，经过多年的比赛——包括由于新冠疫情而多出的几个月——其他31支球队赢得了前来比赛的资格。（到2026年，这个数字将增加到48支球队，下届世界杯将在墨西哥、加拿大和美国等大得多的地区举行。）

1）表示“（使）具有资格，（使）合格”，英文解释为“to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.”举个🌰：

She hopes to qualify (as a teacher) at the end of the year.

她希望在年底获得（教师）资格。

🎬电影《合伙人》（The Company Men）中的台词提到：只靠我的薪水我们不可能再成功申请房贷 We're not going to be able to qualify for another house on just my salary.

bonus /ˈbəʊ.nəs/ 表示“奖金；红利；津贴”，英文解释为“an extra amount of money that is given to you as a present or reward for good work as well as the money you were expecting”如：a productivity bonus 生产效益奖金。

也可以表示“意外收获；另外的优点；额外的好处”，英文解释为“a pleasant extra thing”举个🌰：

I love the job, and it's an added bonus that it's so close to home.

我喜欢这份工作，它还有个优点是离家很近。

real estate /ˈrɪəl ɪˌsteɪt/ 表示“房地产；不动产”，英文解释为“property in the form of land or buildings”举个🌰：

We're going to buy a piece of real estate.

我们要买一处房产。

This is a men’s tournament. What about women? 这是男子世界杯。女子呢？

The women have their own World Cup. The next one is in 2023, and will take place in Australia and New Zealand. They’ve already held the draw for that one.

女子也有自己的世界杯。下一届在2023年，将在澳大利亚和新西兰举行。2023年女足世界杯抽签仪式已经举行。

1）作动词“画，绘画”大家都知道，在比赛中可以表示“打平，打成平局；以平局结束”，英文解释为“to finish without either side winning in a game such as football”，举个🌰：

They drew 2-2.

他们以2比2打平。

2）作名词，同样可以表示“平局；和局；不分胜负”，英文解释为“a game in which both teams or players finish with the same number of points”，举个🌰：

The match ended in a two-all draw.

比赛以二平结束。

3）还可以表示“抽签；抽奖”，英文解释为“a competition that is decided by choosing a particular ticket or number by chance”

📍在杨倩yyds!!!文中提到另一个类似的词：tie. tie 可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“（比赛、竞赛或选举中）分数相同，票数相同，平局，平手”，英文解释为“the result of a game, competition, or election when two or more people or teams get the same number of points, votes et”举个🌰：

The match ended in a tie.

这场比赛以平局告终。

Jane and I tied (for first place) in the spelling test.

在拼写比赛中（争夺第一名时）我和简打成平手。

I feel stupid saying “soccer” when most of the world calls it “football.” 当世界上大多数人称之为“football”时，我觉得说“soccer”很愚蠢。

It is an American burden, or an example of American exceptionalism, to call the sport by a different word than almost every other country in the English-speaking world. Americans have their own game of football, of course, but for the purposes of the World Cup, you are allowed to say “football” instead of “soccer.” What you should not do is tell other people what they can call it. That just makes you a jerk.

这是美国人的烦恼，或者说是美国例外论的一个例子，用与英语世界中几乎所有其他国家不同的词来称呼这项运动。当然，美国人有自己的足球运动，但为了世界杯，你可以用“football”而不用“soccer”。你不应该做的是告诉别人他们要用哪个词。这只会让你成为一个讨厌的人。

表示“例外论，例外主义；对其它国家、文化等的一种态度，认为自己的国家或文化在很多重要方面不同并优越于其它国家或其文化”，英文解释为“an attitude to other countries, cultures, etc based on the idea of being quite distinct from, and often superior to, them in vital ways ”。

表示“（通常指男子）蠢人，头脑简单的人”，英文解释为“a stupid person, usually a man”举个🌰：

You stupid jerk! You've just spilled beer all down my new shirt!

你这个笨蛋！你把啤酒全洒在我的新衬衫上了！

Explain how the tournament works. 解释一下比赛是如何进行的。

The 32 teams are divided into eight groups of four, designated by the letters A-H. In the tournament-opening group stage, each team plays all the other teams in its group once. The top two finishers in each group advance to the round of 16. After that, the World Cup is a straight knockout tournament.

32支球队分为八组，每组四队，用字母A-H表示。在比赛开幕的小组赛阶段，每支球队与本组所有其他球队比赛一次。每个小组的前两名晋级到16强。此后进行直接淘汰赛。

designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/ 1）表示“命名；指定，划定（特征、用途）”，英文解释为“When you designate someone or something as a particular thing, you formally give them that description or name.”举个🌰：

There are efforts under way to designate the bridge (as) a historic landmark. 

人们在努力把这座桥定为历史地标。

2）表示“指定，选定；委派”，英文解释为“When you designate someone as something, you formally choose them to do that particular job.”举个🌰：

Designate someone as the spokesperson.

指派某人为发言人。

📍designated作形容词，表示“指定的；特指的，划定的”。

📍类似的有个词dedicated，表示“专用的，专门的”（designed to be used for one particular purpose）举个🌰：

Such areas should also be served by dedicated cycle routes.

这些地区也应该可由自行车专用路线到达。

finisher /ˈfɪn.ɪ.ʃər/ 表示“（体育比赛中的）终点到达者”，英文解释为“a person or animal that finishes an athletic competition”

我们说的KO实际上就是knockout的缩写（KO is an abbreviation for knockout），表示“（拳击中的）击倒获胜；击败对手的一击；击倒对手获胜”，英文解释为“a blow that makes an opponent fall to the ground and be unable to get up, so that he or she loses the fight”。

knockout也表示“淘汰赛”，英文解释为“a competition in which only the winners of each stage play in the next stage, until one competitor or team is the final winner”举个🌰：

The tournament is a straight knockout.

这次锦标赛是直接淘汰赛。

- 今日盘点 -

unfold

primer

quadrennial

tournament

pit sb/sth against sb/sth

dispute

peninsula

trophy

brush sb/sth aside

sluggishness

heatstroke

install

accommodate

compact

qualify

bonus

real estate

draw

exceptionalism

jerk

designate

finisher

knockout

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