研究称莫奈印象派画风实则是雾霾

近日，一项研究发现，印象派艺术家莫奈和透纳的印象派画风实际是「写实」，朦胧感、梦幻感的场景是工业革命时期空气污染造成的光学环境变化。

🤔️小作业：

1. hazy是什么意思？

2.「近视的」怎么表达？

3. 文中出现哪几个和色调、颜色有关的词？

无注释原文：

Hazy impressionist landscapes actually depicted smog-choked skies, new study says

From: Live Science

Impressionist artists like Claude Monet and Joseph Mallord William (J. M. W.) Turner are famous for their hazy, dreamlike paintings. However, a new study finds that what these European painters were really depicting in their works wasn't a figment of their imagination, but an environmental disaster: air pollution.

Scientists examined approximately 100 artworks by the two impressionist painters, who dominated the art scene between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries, during the Industrial Revolution. The team discovered that what some art enthusiasts had long believed was Monet and Turner's style of painting was actually them "capturing changes in the optical environment" that were associated with a decrease in air quality as coal-burning factories began dotting European cities and spewing pollutants into the air, according to the study, published Jan. 31 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"It is often said that Turner was born in the age of sail and died in the age of steam and coal — his lifetime spans a time of unprecedented environmental change," first author Anna Lea Albright, an atmospheric scientist with the Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology in France, told Live Science in an email. "During the first Industrial Revolution, these large increases in air pollution were concentrated in London, which was known as the 'Big Smoke' [where Turner was based]. Monet painted later, in the second Industrial Revolution in London and Paris."

For the study, the scientists focused on local sulfur dioxide emission levels in London and Paris during this time period and the ways air pollution can interact with light, such as by reducing the contrast of objects viewed against a background and by increasing the intensity or "whiteness" of an image, according to the study. 

They also determined that the artists' vision wasn't the cause of this trend toward hazier artworks. "Monet was not myopic; Turner did not have cataracts," a different group of researchers wrote in a 2016 study published in the journal Eye. 

"Over Turner and Monet's careers, I noticed that the contours of their paintings became hazier, the palette appeared whiter and the style transformed from more figurative to more impressionistic," Albright said. "We knew Turner and Monet were painting during the Industrial Revolution with its unprecedented environmental changes. Their stylistic transformations accord with physical expectations of how air pollution influences light."

Air pollution is caused when there's an increase in toxic microscopic particles in the atmosphere. The scientists likened air pollution in Paris and London during the Industrial Revolution to levels seen in modern megacities such as Beijing, New Delhi and Mexico City.

"Air pollution absorbs and scatters light, making objects at a distance look hazier," Albright explained. "By scattering background light of all wavelengths into the line of vision, the presence of air pollution gives images a whiter tint."

Those hazy, polluted scenes were then translated into some of Monet's and Turner's most renowned paintings, including Monet's "The Houses of Parliament, Sunset" (1903) and Turner's "Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway" (1844).

"Impressionism is often contrasted with realism, but our results highlight that Turner and Monet's impressionistic works also capture a certain reality," study co-author Peter Huybers, a professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Harvard University, told Live Science in an email. "Specifically, Turner and Monet seem to have realistically shown how sunlight filters through pollution and clouds.

"The idea that Impressionism contains certain elements of polluted realism highlights how connected we are to our environment," he added. "Our surroundings influence what we see, how we feel [and] what we focus on. Maybe a modern Turner or Monet would help us see other novel phenomena in our environment, like climate change."

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Hazy impressionist landscapes actually depicted smog-choked skies, new study says

From: Live Science

Impressionist artists like Claude Monet and Joseph Mallord William (J. M. W.) Turner are famous for their hazy, dreamlike paintings. However, a new study finds that what these European painters were really depicting in their works wasn't a figment of their imagination, but an environmental disaster: air pollution.

印象派画家，如克劳德·莫奈（Claude Monet）和约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳（Joseph Mallord William Turner），以其朦胧、梦幻般的画作而闻名。然而，一项新的研究发现，这些欧洲画家在他们的作品中所描绘的并非出自他们的想象力，而是源于一场环境灾难：空气污染。

impressionist /ɪmˈpreʃ.ən.ɪst/ 表示“印象派画家”，英文解释为“an artist who paints in the style of Impressionism”举个🌰：

Monet is one of the great Impressionists. 莫奈是伟大的印象派画家之一。

hazy /ˈheɪ.zi/ 表示“雾蒙蒙的，空气不清晰的（尤指热天）”，英文解释为“Hazy air or weather is not clear, especially because of heat.”如：hazy sunshine 雾蒙蒙的日光。

通常用a figment of sb's imagination表示“凭空想象的事物；虚构的事；臆造的事物”，英文解释为“f you say that something is a figment of someone's imagination, you mean that it does not really exist and that they are just imagining it.”

Scientists examined approximately 100 artworks by the two impressionist painters, who dominated the art scene between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries, during the Industrial Revolution. The team discovered that what some art enthusiasts had long believed was Monet and Turner's style of painting was actually them "capturing changes in the optical environment" that were associated with a decrease in air quality as coal-burning factories began dotting European cities and spewing pollutants into the air, according to the study, published Jan. 31 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

科学家们对这两位印象派画家的大约100件艺术作品进行了研究。在18世纪中叶至20世纪初的工业革命期间，这两位画家在艺术界享有重要地位。根据1月31日发表在《美国科学院院报》（Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences）上的研究，该团队发现，一些艺术爱好者长期以来认为莫奈和透纳的绘画风格实际上是他们“记录了光学环境的变化”，这些变化与空气质量的下降有关，当时燃煤工厂开始遍布欧洲城市并向空气中排放污染物。

表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：

The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

enthusiast /ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æst/ 表示“热衷于…的人；热心者；爱好者”，英文解释为“a person who is very interested in and involved with a particular subject or activity”如：a keep-fit enthusiast 热衷健身运动的人。

1）表示“赢得；获得，取得”，英文解释为“to succeed in getting something when you are competing with other people”举个🌰：

They captured 80 percent of the vote. 他们获得了80%的选票。

2）表示“（用文字或图象）表现，描绘，刻画”，英文解释为“to represent or describe something very accurately using words or images”举个🌰：

It would be impossible to capture her beauty in a painting. 她的美无法用画笔描绘。

3）表示“拍摄，摄制”，英文解释为“to record or take a picture of something using a camera”举个🌰：

A passer-by captured the whole incident on film. 一位路人拍摄下了事件的全过程。

optical /ˈɒp.tɪ.kəl/ 表示“光学的；视觉的；视力的”，英文解释为“relating to light or the ability to see”如：an optical effect 视觉效果。

dot /dɒt/ 作名词，表示「小圆点」，用英语念网址时，比如：www.learnandrecord.com 的点就是dot.

作动词，表示“分布，分散”，英文解释为“to be spread across an area, or to spread many similar things across an area”举个🌰：

We have offices dotted around/all over the region. 我们的办事处在该地区星罗棋布。

spew /spjuː/ 表示“（使）喷出，涌出”，英文解释为“to flow out quickly, or to make sth flow out quickly, in large amounts”举个🌰：

Flames spewed from the aircraft's engine. 飞机发动机喷出火焰。

1）表示“一系列事件；一系列活动”，英文解释为“a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way”举个🌰：

Millions of people watched the proceedings on television. 数百万人通过电视观看了这一系列活动。

2）表示“诉讼”，英文解释为“legal action”举个🌰：

I started legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently. 我提起诉讼，想把他从父母身边永远带走。

3）表示“（会议等的）正式记录；公报”，英文解释为“the official written report of a meeting, etc.”

"It is often said that Turner was born in the age of sail and died in the age of steam and coal — his lifetime spans a time of unprecedented environmental change," first author Anna Lea Albright, an atmospheric scientist with the Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology in France, told Live Science in an email. "During the first Industrial Revolution, these large increases in air pollution were concentrated in London, which was known as the 'Big Smoke' [where Turner was based]. Monet painted later, in the second Industrial Revolution in London and Paris."

“人们常说透纳生于航海时代，逝于蒸汽和煤炭时代——他的一生跨越了一个前所未有的环境变化时期，”第一作者、法国动态气象学实验室的大气科学家安娜·利·奥尔布赖特（Anna Lea Albright）在一封电子邮件中告诉《Live Science》。“在第一次工业革命期间，这些大量增加的空气污染集中在伦敦，那里被称为‘大烟雾’（透纳所在地）。后来在第二次工业革命期间莫奈在伦敦和巴黎画画。”

1）表示“横跨”，英文解释为“A bridge or other structure that spans something such as a river or a valley stretches right across it.”举个🌰：

Travellers get from one side to the other by walking across a footbridge that spans a little stream.  旅游者通过一座横跨小溪的人行桥从一边走到另一边。

2）表示“持续”，英文解释为“If something spans a long period of time, it lasts throughout that period of time or relates to that whole period of time.”举个🌰：

His professional career spanned 16 years.  他的职业生涯持续了16年。

表示“史无前例的，空前的；绝无仅有的”，英文解释为“never having happened or existed in the past”举个🌰：

This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale. 环境在本世纪遭到了空前的破坏。

🎬电影《星运里的错》（The Fault in Our Stars）中的台词提到：You are so busy being you that you have no idea how utterly unprecedented you are. 你太忙于做自己 都没有意识到自己是那么的令人心动。

meteorology /ˌmiː.ti.əˈrɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“气象学”，英文解释为“the scientific study of the processes that cause particular weather conditions”

For the study, the scientists focused on local sulfur dioxide emission levels in London and Paris during this time period and the ways air pollution can interact with light, such as by reducing the contrast of objects viewed against a background and by increasing the intensity or "whiteness" of an image, according to the study. 

在这项研究中，科学家们关注的是这一时期伦敦和巴黎当地的二氧化硫（sulfur dioxide）排放水平，以及空气污染与光线相互作用的方式，比如降低在背景中所观察物体的对比度、增加图像的强度或“白度”。 

美式 sulfur dioxide 英式 sulphur dioxide /ˌsʌl.fə daɪˈɒk.saɪd/ 表示“二氧化硫”，英文解释为“a gas that has a strong, unpleasant smell and dissolves in water. It is used in various industrial processes, and can cause air pollution.”

contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/ 作动词，表示“形成对照；显出明显的差异”，英文解释为“If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it.”举个🌰：

The tartness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey. 柠檬的酸味和蜂蜜的甜味形成鲜明的对比。

作名词，表示“差别，差异；对照，对比”，英文解释为“an obvious difference between two or more things”举个🌰：

I like the contrast of the white trousers with the black jacket. 我喜欢白色长裤与黑色夹克形成的反差。

intensity /ɪnˈten.sə.ti/ 1）表示“强烈；剧烈”，英文解释为“the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect”举个🌰：

The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away. 爆炸的巨响5英里以外都能听见。

2）表示“（感情或看法的）强烈；认真；全情投入”，英文解释为“the quality of being very serious and having strong emotions or opinions”举个🌰：

The intensity of their relationship was causing problems. 他们关系中所牵涉的感情强烈得引发了问题。

3）表示“（光、声等的）强度”，英文解释为“the strength of something that can be measured such as light, sound, etc.”如：measures of light intensity 光强度的测量。

They also determined that the artists' vision wasn't the cause of this trend toward hazier artworks. "Monet was not myopic; Turner did not have cataracts," a different group of researchers wrote in a 2016 study published in the journal Eye. 

他们还确定，艺术家的视力并不是产生这种艺术作品朦胧化趋势的原因。“莫奈没有近视；透纳没有白内障，”另一组研究人员于2016年发表在《眼睛》（Eye）杂志上的一项研究中写道。

myopic /maɪˈɒpɪk/ 1）表示“近视的”，英文解释为“not able to see clearly things that are far away”；

2）表示“目光短浅的；缺乏远见的”，英文解释为“If you describe someone as myopic, you are critical of them because they seem unable to realize that their actions might have negative consequences.”

cataract /ˈkæt.ə.rækt/ 表示“白内障”，英文解释为“a disease in which an area of someone's eye becomes less clear so that they cannot see clearly, or the area affected in this way”

"Over Turner and Monet's careers, I noticed that the contours of their paintings became hazier, the palette appeared whiter and the style transformed from more figurative to more impressionistic," Albright said. "We knew Turner and Monet were painting during the Industrial Revolution with its unprecedented environmental changes. Their stylistic transformations accord with physical expectations of how air pollution influences light."

“在透纳和莫奈的职业生涯中，我注意到他们的绘画轮廓变得更加模糊，色调看起来更白，风格从更具象派转变为更印象派，”奥尔布赖特说。“我们知道透纳和莫奈是在工业革命期间绘画的，当时环境发生了前所未有的变化。他们的风格转变符合空气污染如何影响光线的物理预期。”

contour /ˈkɒntʊə/ 表示“轮廓；外形；曲线”，英文解释为“the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its surface or the shape formed by its outer edge”。

palette /ˈpælɪt/ 1）表示“调色板”，英文解释为“a thin board with curved edges and a hole for your thumb, used by artists to mix their paints on while they are painting”；

2）表示“主要色彩，主色调；用色风格”，英文解释为“the colours used by a particular artist”。

表示“使彻底改观；使大变样”，英文解释为“to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that that thing or person is improved”举个🌰：

The reorganization will transform the entertainment industry. 这次重组将使娱乐业大为改观。

figurative /ˈfɪɡ.ər.ə.tɪv/ 1）表示“（油画、素描等）形象的，具象的”，英文解释为“(of a painting, drawing, etc.) representing something as it really looks, rather than in an abstract way”

2）表示“（词或短语）比喻的”，英文解释为“(of words and phrases) used not with their basic meaning but with a more imaginative meaning, in order to create a special effect”举个🌰：

Of course, she was using the term in the figurative sense. 当然，她是在用这个词的比喻义。

Air pollution is caused when there's an increase in toxic microscopic particles in the atmosphere. The scientists likened air pollution in Paris and London during the Industrial Revolution to levels seen in modern megacities such as Beijing, New Delhi and Mexico City.

空气污染是由大气中有毒微粒增加引起的。科学家们认为工业革命期间巴黎和伦敦的空气污染水平与北京、新德里和墨西哥城等现代大城市的空气污染水平很像。

microscopic /ˌmaɪ.krəˈskɒp.ɪk/ 表示“极小的；需要用显微镜才可看见的”，英文解释为“very small and only able to be seen with a microscope”如：microscopic algae 只有在显微镜下才看得见的藻类。

近义词compare；liken sb/sth to sb/sth 表示“将…比作；认为…与…相像”，英文解释为“to say that someone or something is similar to another person or thing”举个🌰：

Critics have likened the new theater to a supermarket. 批评者称新剧院就像是一个超市。

"Air pollution absorbs and scatters light, making objects at a distance look hazier," Albright explained. "By scattering background light of all wavelengths into the line of vision, the presence of air pollution gives images a whiter tint."

“空气污染吸收和散射光线，使远处的物体看起来更模糊，”奥尔布赖特解释说。“通过将所有波长的背景光散射到视线中，空气污染的存在使图像呈现出更白的色调。”

absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ 1）表示“（尤指逐渐）吸收”，英文解释为“to take something in, especially gradually”举个🌰：

Plants absorb carbon dioxide. 植物吸收二氧化碳。

2）表示“（公司等）承担开支”，英文解释为“if a business absorbs the cost of something, it pays that cost easily”举个🌰：

The school has absorbed most of the expenses so far, but it may have to offer fewer places next year to reduce costs. 这间学校目前能够承担大部分的费用，可是明年可能不得不通过减少招生降低开支。

表示“散开；四散；使分散；驱散”，英文解释为“to move or to make people or animals move very quickly in different directions”举个🌰：

At the first gunshot, the crowd scattered. 枪声一响，人群便逃散了。

表示“色调；淡色彩；（一层）淡色，浅色”，英文解释为“a shade or small amount of a particular colour; a faint colour covering a surface”如：the brownish tint of an old photo 旧照片的淡褐色。

Those hazy, polluted scenes were then translated into some of Monet's and Turner's most renowned paintings, including Monet's "The Houses of Parliament, Sunset" (1903) and Turner's "Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway" (1844).

这些朦胧、受污染的场景随后被转化为莫奈和透纳最著名的一些画作，包括莫奈1903年的《夕阳下的国会大厦》（The Houses of Parliament, Sunset）和透纳1844年的《雨，蒸汽和速度—西部大铁路》（Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway）。

表示“有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的”，英文解释为“famous and respected”举个🌰：

She is renowned for her patience. 她的耐心是出了名的。

"Impressionism is often contrasted with realism, but our results highlight that Turner and Monet's impressionistic works also capture a certain reality," study co-author Peter Huybers, a professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Harvard University, told Live Science in an email. "Specifically, Turner and Monet seem to have realistically shown how sunlight filters through pollution and clouds.

“印象主义经常与现实主义形成对比，但我们的研究结果强调透纳和莫奈的印象派作品也刻画了某种现实，”哈佛大学地球和行星科学教授、该研究的共同作者彼得·休伯斯（Peter Huybers）在一封电子邮件中告诉《Live Science》。“具体来说，透纳和莫奈似乎真实地展示了阳光是如何透过污染和云层的。

"The idea that Impressionism contains certain elements of polluted realism highlights how connected we are to our environment," he added. "Our surroundings influence what we see, how we feel [and] what we focus on. Maybe a modern Turner or Monet would help us see other novel phenomena in our environment, like climate change."

他补充说：“印象主义包含了某些受污染的现实主义元素，这种观点突显了我们与环境的联系。我们周围的环境影响着我们看到的东西、我们的感受（以及）我们关注的东西。也许现代透纳或莫奈会帮助我们看到环境中的其他新现象，比如气候变化。”

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