上野千鹤子东京大学开学典礼致辞

近日，三位北大毕业的女生与上野千鹤子对谈的视频引发热议，#上野千鹤子#相关话题频频登上热搜。

上野千鹤子（Chizuko Ueno）是谁？著名社会学家，日本研究女性解放理论的女性主义者，Women’s Action Network（NPO）理事长。

借此机会，我们就来看看上野千鹤子2019年在东京大学本科新生开学典礼上的致辞。

注：致辞原文为日语，中英文译文均为Women’s Action Network官网提供，并非一一对应，仅供参考。

🤔️小作业：

1. Why are there lower admittance rates for female applicants than male applicants?

2. Why do women hesitate to say they are students at the University of Tokyo?

3. have a inquiring mind是什么意思？

4. 上野千鹤子认为，大学的使命是什么？

无注释原文：

The University of Tokyo 2019 Matriculation Ceremony Congratulatory Address by Chizuko Ueno

From: Women’s Action Network

Translated by Eriko Miyake

Congratulations on your entrance to the University of Tokyo. You are here because you won a fierce competition of entrance examinations.

The current reality of female students

You probably have no doubt that the entrance examination you took was administered in a fair manner. If it had been done in an unfair way, you would be furious. However, last year, it was revealed that Tokyo Medical University manipulated the admissions processes and discriminated against female and ronin (high school graduates who wait for another chance to enter university) applicants by deliberately lowering their entrance exam scores.

Based on the Education Ministry’s investigation of all 81 medical schools in Japan, on the average, the acceptance rate of male applicants was 1.2 times higher than that of female applicants, indicating difficulties for female applicants to gain admittance. The admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants for the previously mentioned Tokyo Medical University was 1.29. The rate of Juntendo University was 1.67, which was the highest, and some private universities such as Showa University, Nihon University, and Keio University were higher than Tokyo Medical University.

Those universities with a rate below 1.0 (1.0 meaning equal admittance rates between male and female applicants), where female applicants found it easier to enter than male applicants, were national medical schools in rural areas such as Tottori University, Shimane University, Tokushima University, and Hirosaki University. For comparison, the admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants for the medical school of the University of Tokyo was 1.03, which is lower than the average, but higher than 1.0. How would you interpret this figure? Statistics are important, because studies are done based on statistical results.

Why are there lower admittance rates for female applicants than male applicants? Is it because male applicants have higher exam scores? An Education Ministry official who disclosed the results of the medical school investigation gave the following comments: “No other department or faculty is as favorable towards male applicants. In science, engineering and humanities departments, female admittance rates are often higher than males.” That means the admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants is below 1.0 in all departments except medicine. The fact that the Department of Medicine exceeds the rate of 1.0 (where male applicants found it easier to enter than female applicants) indicates the need for clarification.

In fact, various statistical data indicates female applicants have higher standard scores than male applicants. Firstly, female applicants tend to decide on the universities they will apply to early in advance to avoid doing ronin. Secondly, female students’ ratio of entering the University of Tokyo has remained below 20%. Female students’ ratio in 2019 is 18.1% which is fewer than last year. Since the normal distribution of standard scores, statistically, show no differences between men and women, female applicants who apply to the University of Tokyo are brighter than male applicants. Thirdly, there is a gender gap in the university entrance rates. The 2016 school basic survey shows men’s rate is 55.6% and women’s rate is 48.2%, which is 7 points lower than men’s. This is not a difference in exam scores. This 7 points difference is because of parents’ gender discrimination in educational investment, thinking “sons should go to university, and daughters should go to junior colleges.”

Recently, Nobel Peace Prize winner, Malala Yousafzai, visited Japan and spoke about the importance of girls’ education. Is it important for Pakistan and not for Japan? In Women’s Studies, the degradation of girls’ aspirations, by saying things like “after all, you are a girl” or “girls won’t succeed no matter what” is known as the cooling down effect. Malala’s father was asked, “How did you raise your daughter?” He answered, “I tried not to break her wings.” Indeed, every child is given wings, and yet many girls have experienced having theirs broken.

What kind of campus life awaits new students at the University of Tokyo? Male students of the University of Tokyo are popular at joint parties with other universities. I heard female students of the University of Tokyo say the following if men asked, “which university do you go to?” Women respond, “a university … in … Tokyo.” Acording to them, if they mention “the University of Tokyo,” male students would feel threatened. While male students can be proud of being students at the University of Tokyo, why do women hesitate to say they are? Because a man’s value correlates with his exam results but a woman’s value does not correlate with her exam results. Girls are expected to be “kawaii” since they are young. Well, what values does “kawaii” have? It includes being loved, being chosen, and being protected by giving assurances of not intimidating men. Therefore, women try to hide their successes or being a student at the University of Tokyo.

There was a case that a group of five male students in the Department of Engineering and a graduate school of the University of Tokyo sexually abused female students from private universities. Three of the perpetrators were expelled from the university, and two male students were suspended from the university. Based on this case, a writer called Kaoruko Himeno wrote a novel titled Because she is stupid [Kanojyo wa atama ga waruikara], and a symposium was held on campus about the theme of the book in 2018. “Because she is stupid” is an actual phrase used by one of the perpetrators during the investigation. When you read this novel, you will understand how male students of the University of Tokyo are looked upon by others in society.

I heard the University of Tokyo has a fraternity club that admits participation to female students only from other universities excluding those of the University of Tokyo. When I was a university student many years ago, a similar fraternity club existed. I am astonished such a fraternity club is still going after half a century. In March 2019, the Director of the Office for Gender Equality/Executive Vice President at the University of Tokyo warned that the exclusion of University of Tokyo female students goes against egalitarian principles that the University of Tokyo Charter advocates.

Schools that you belong to are supposedly egalitarian communities. There are no gender differences in standard score competition. However, hidden gender discrimination already begins before you enter university. When you go out into the real world, more outright gender discrimination awaits you. Unfortunately, the University of Tokyo is no exception.

At the University of Tokyo, female students are approximately 20% of undergraduates, 25% in master’s programs, and 30.7% in doctoral programs. When they step into academia, among scholars, women are 18.2% among assistant professors, 11.6% among associate professors, and only 7.8% among professors. This percentage is lower than those of women politicians in Parliament. Women deans are one out of fifteen, and there has been no woman president to this date.

As a pioneer in Women’s Studies

The academic field of studying gender relations such as mentioned previously emerged about 40 years ago. It was called Women’s Studies. The field was later incorporated into a newly formed Gender Studies. When I was a university student, the academic field called Women’s Studies didn’t exist. Since it didn’t exist, we created it. The field of Women’s Studies was born outside academia, and it is now included as an academic field. When I joined the faculty of the University of Tokyo a quarter century ago, I was the third woman faculty member to be hired in the Faculty of Letters. Then, I started teaching Women’s Studies. Once we started women's studies, the world was full of enigmas.

Why are men supposed to work outside and why are women supposed to do housework? What is “a housewife” and what does “a housewife” do? What material did women use in the past when sanitary napkins and tampons had not yet been produced? Did LGBTQ people exist in the history of Japan? Since nobody had researched these topics, there was hardly any existing literature in academic fields. Therefore, whatever subject you researched, you were able to become a pioneer and an expert in the field. Nowadays, you can obtain a degree from the University of Tokyo based on research on housewives, or girls’ comics, or sexuality. That is because we cultivated these new academic fields, and struggled to develop them. What kept motivating me was my insatiable inquiring mind and my anger against social injustice.

Venture can be initiated in academia. Some academic fields decay, while some areas newly emerge. In that sense, initiating Women’s Studies was a venture. In addition to Women’s Studies, new academic fields emerged such as Environmental Studies, Information Studies, and Disability Studies. Changing times demanded such research activities.

A University that is open to change and diversity

Let me remind you that the University of Tokyo is an institution that is open to change and diversity. The proof is that the University hired a person like me and invited me to give a speech on this stage. The University of Tokyo is the second national university that hired faculty members such as Zainichi Korean (a second-generation Korean resident living in Japan), Kang Sang-jung, and a world-renowned architect with only a high school diploma, Tadao Ando, or a person with multiple disabilities, Satoshi Fukushima.

You came here selected by entrance examinations. It is said that five million yen is allocated annually from the national budget to one University of Tokyo student. A wonderful educational environment awaits you for the next four years. I guarantee the richness of the environment because I once taught here.

You all studied very hard up to this point, expecting that such hard work to be rewarded. However, as I mentioned about unfair medical school entrance examination at the beginning, an unjust society awaits, where hard work won’t always be rewarded. And what you thought was a reward for your hard work was not the result of your own efforts only but was due to the favorable environment you had. The reason why you think your hard work is being rewarded is that people around you have encouraged you, supported you, have given you a helping hand, and recognized and admired what you have accomplished. In this world, there are people who are not rewarded even if they try very hard, or those who are unable to make efforts, or those who would destroy their health and mind by working too hard. Also, there are people whose drive is dampened even before they try because of negative comments or thoughts like “You won’t succeed no matter what!” or “After all, nobody believes in me.”

I hope you won’t focus your efforts only to win the game for yourself. I hope you will use your gifted talents and favorable environment to help those who are less fortunate, and do not denigrate them. And I hope you live your life by accepting who you are even with your weaknesses and by helping and supporting each other. Women’s Studies was born out of a women’s movement called feminism. Feminist thought does not insist that women should behave like men or the weak should become the powerful. Rather, feminism asks that the weak be treated with dignity as they are.

The value of learning at the University of Tokyo

The world that awaits you is one where existing theories do not apply. It is a world that is unknown and unpredictable. Until now, you sought knowledge that was tested with correct answers. From now on, you are entering a world filled with questions that have no correct answers. We need diversity within the university because new values emerge through interactions among different cultures and systems. You don’t have to limit yourself within the boundaries of this university. The University of Tokyo has agreements with many universities abroad and provides opportunities to participate in local projects. Seek the unknown, and go out into a different world. Don’t fear different cultures. You can survive wherever people live.

I would like you to acquire skills and knowledge to be able to survive wherever you are; whether that be a world where the reputation of the University of Tokyo has no meaning or a world where you are lowered to the status of a refugee. I believe that the value of learning at university is not to acquire existing knowledge but to acquire knowledge to produce new knowledge that is yet unknown. Knowledge to create new knowledge is called meta-knowledge. The mission of this university is to help you acquire such meta-knowledge.

Welcome to the University of Tokyo.

April 12, 2019

Chief Director, Women’s Action Network, Certified NPO

Chizuko Ueno

- ◆ -

含注释全文：

The University of Tokyo 2019 Matriculation Ceremony Congratulatory Address by Chizuko Ueno

平成31年（2019年）东京大学本科新生开学典礼 致辞

From: Women’s Action Network

Congratulations on your entrance to the University of Tokyo. You are here because you won a fierce competition of entrance examinations.

恭喜大家考入东京大学。你们是在激烈的竞争中脱颖而出才能来到这里的。

matriculation /məˌtrɪk.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“注册入学；入学仪式”，英文解释为“the process of formally becoming a student at a university or college, or the ceremony at which this happens”

表示“激烈的；狂热的”，英文解释为“Fierce feelings or actions are very intense or enthusiastic, or involve great activity.”举个🌰：

Consumers have a wide array of choices and price competition is fierce. 消费者的选择面很广，价格竞争也很激烈。

The current reality of female students 女生所处的现实

You probably have no doubt that the entrance examination you took was administered in a fair manner. If it had been done in an unfair way, you would be furious. However, last year, it was revealed that Tokyo Medical University manipulated the admissions processes and discriminated against female and ronin (high school graduates who wait for another chance to enter university) applicants by deliberately lowering their entrance exam scores.

想必你们不曾怀疑过入学考试的公正性，倘若知晓，心中难免会忿忿不平吧。然而就在去年，东京医科大学入学考试的舞弊问题被揭发，女生和复读生遭受歧视的事实摆在我们眼前。

administration应该都不陌生，administer作动词，用来表示“管理，治理”（to manage the work or money of a company or organization），或者是表示“执行，实施；给予”，英文解释为“to provide or organize something officially as part of your job”举个🌰：

It is not the job of the police to administer justice; that falls to the courts. 司法不是警方的职责，而是法院的职责。

此外，还有熟词僻义，指的是“施用（药物），给予（治疗），派发（药物）”，英文解释为“to give someone a medicine or medical treatment”举个🌰：

Painkillers were administered to the boy. 已给那个男孩服了止痛药。

furious /ˈfjʊə.ri.əs/ 表示“极其生气的，怒不可遏的”，英文解释为“extremely angry”举个🌰：

I was late and he was furious with me. 我迟到了，他冲我大发脾气。

discriminate /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ 1）表示“歧视；区别对待”，英文解释为“to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc.”

2）表示“区分，区别；分辨，辨别”，英文解释为“to be able to see the difference between two things or people”

1）表示“故意地”，英文解释为“intentionally”举个🌰：

I'm sure he says these things deliberately to annoy me. 我敢肯定他是故意说这些来气我的。

2）表示“不慌不忙地，从容地”，英文解释为“slowly and carefully”举个🌰：

Calmly and deliberately, she cut up his suits one by one. 她平静从容地把他的西服一件一件剪成碎片。

Based on the Education Ministry’s investigation of all 81 medical schools in Japan, on the average, the acceptance rate of male applicants was 1.2 times higher than that of female applicants, indicating difficulties for female applicants to gain admittance. The admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants for the previously mentioned Tokyo Medical University was 1.29. The rate of Juntendo University was 1.67, which was the highest, and some private universities such as Showa University, Nihon University, and Keio University were higher than Tokyo Medical University.

日本文部科学省对全国的医科大学及综合大学的医学院（总计81处）悉数进行了调查，结果显示，男生合格率平均为女生合格率的1.2倍，反映出女生入学之艰难。东窗事发的东京医科大学为1.29倍，最高的顺天堂大学为1.67倍，昭和大学、日本大学、庆应大学等私立大学也位居前列。

Those universities with a rate below 1.0 (1.0 meaning equal admittance rates between male and female applicants), where female applicants found it easier to enter than male applicants, were national medical schools in rural areas such as Tottori University, Shimane University, Tokushima University, and Hirosaki University. For comparison, the admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants for the medical school of the University of Tokyo was 1.03, which is lower than the average, but higher than 1.0. How would you interpret this figure? Statistics are important, because studies are done based on statistical results.

合格率的男女之比低于1.0，换言之，女生比较容易考取的是鸟取大学、岛根大学、德岛大学、弘前大学等偏远地区国立大学的医学院。而东京大学的理科三类为1.03，虽低于平均值却高于1.0，我们该如何解读这一数值呢？统计是非常重要的，没有数据，我们便无法开展研究。

Why are there lower admittance rates for female applicants than male applicants? Is it because male applicants have higher exam scores? An Education Ministry official who disclosed the results of the medical school investigation gave the following comments: “No other department or faculty is as favorable towards male applicants. In science, engineering and humanities departments, female admittance rates are often higher than males.” That means the admittance rate of male applicants over female applicants is below 1.0 in all departments except medicine. The fact that the Department of Medicine exceeds the rate of 1.0 (where male applicants found it easier to enter than female applicants) indicates the need for clarification.

女生比男生更难合格是因为男生的成绩比较好吗？文部科学省的负责人在公布全国医学院调查结果时如此评述：“没有发现男生处于优势的其他院系，不论是理工科还是文科，多半都是女生的成绩比较好。”也就是说，除医学院之外的其他院系，女生入学的难度系数均在1之下，唯独医学院超过了1，这其中必定存在某种理由。

表示“超过，超出（数量）；超越（规定的范围）”，英文解释为“to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit”举个🌰：

The final cost should not exceed ￥100. 最终的花费不应超出100元。

clarification /ˌklær.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“阐明，说明”，英文解释为“an explanation or more details that makes something clear or easier to understand”举个🌰：Some further clarification of your position is needed. 还需进一步阐明你的立场。

In fact, various statistical data indicates female applicants have higher standard scores than male applicants. Firstly, female applicants tend to decide on the universities they will apply to early in advance to avoid doing ronin. Secondly, female students’ ratio of entering the University of Tokyo has remained below 20%. Female students’ ratio in 2019 is 18.1% which is fewer than last year. Since the normal distribution of standard scores, statistically, show no differences between men and women, female applicants who apply to the University of Tokyo are brighter than male applicants. Thirdly, there is a gender gap in the university entrance rates. The 2016 school basic survey shows men’s rate is 55.6% and women’s rate is 48.2%, which is 7 points lower than men’s. This is not a difference in exam scores. This 7 points difference is because of parents’ gender discrimination in educational investment, thinking “sons should go to university, and daughters should go to junior colleges.”

事实及各种数据均已证明，女性考生的成绩优于男性考生。首先，女性考生为了避免复读，会在择校时留有余地，选择自己把握比较大的院校。其次，东京大学合格者中女性的比率常年无法跨越“两成的高墙”。2019年合格的女生占总人数的18.1%，较去年有所下降。而统计数据中成绩的正态分布男女并无差异，可见报考东京大学的女生比男生更加优秀。再者，4年制大学男女生的入学比率原本就存在差距。2016年学校基本调查表明，4年制大学男生的入学率为55.6%，女生为48.2%，相差了7个百分点。这个差距并非成绩的差距，而是由考生父母重男轻女的思想造成的，他们觉得“儿子要上大学，女儿念到短大就好”。

表示“比率；比例”，英文解释为“the relationship between two groups of people or things that is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one group is than the other”举个🌰：

The school has a very high teacher-student ratio. 这所学校的师生比例很高。

junior college /ˌdʒuː.ni.ə ˈkɒl.ɪdʒ/ 表示“两年制专科学校，大专”，英文解释为“a college in the US where students study for two years”

Recently, Nobel Peace Prize winner, Malala Yousafzai, visited Japan and spoke about the importance of girls’ education. Is it important for Pakistan and not for Japan? In Women’s Studies, the degradation of girls’ aspirations, by saying things like “after all, you are a girl” or “girls won’t succeed no matter what” is known as the cooling down effect. Malala’s father was asked, “How did you raise your daughter?” He answered, “I tried not to break her wings.” Indeed, every child is given wings, and yet many girls have experienced having theirs broken.

最近，诺贝尔和平奖得主马拉拉·优素福扎伊到访日本，呼吁“女性教育”的重要性。这对巴基斯坦而言极为重要，然而日本就可以说事不关己吗？“反正是女孩”、“终究是女孩”这样泼冷水、扯后腿的言行，我们称之为“aspiration的cooling down”，即“热望的冷却效应”。马拉拉的父亲在被问及“您是如何培养您的女儿的？”时，如此作答：“我一直小心不要折断她的翅膀。”是啊，孩子们都曾拥有一双美丽的翅膀，可是有多少女孩的翅膀就这样被折断了。

degradation /ˌdeɡ.rəˈdeɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“玷污；损害，危害”，英文解释为“the process in which the beauty or quality of something is destroyed or spoiled”如：environmental degradation 环境恶化；

2）表示“落魄，降低身份；丢脸”，英文解释为“the situation in which people are made to feel they have no value”如：the degradation of being sent to prison 被关进监狱的落泊境况。

aspiration /ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən/ 表示“志向，抱负；渴望达到的目标”，英文解释为“something that you hope to achieve”举个🌰：

I've never had any aspirations. 我从来就没什么抱负。

What kind of campus life awaits new students at the University of Tokyo? Male students of the University of Tokyo are popular at joint parties with other universities. I heard female students of the University of Tokyo say the following if men asked, “which university do you go to?” Women respond, “a university … in … Tokyo.” Acording to them, if they mention “the University of Tokyo,” male students would feel threatened. While male students can be proud of being students at the University of Tokyo, why do women hesitate to say they are? Because a man’s value correlates with his exam results but a woman’s value does not correlate with her exam results. Girls are expected to be “kawaii” since they are young. Well, what values does “kawaii” have? It includes being loved, being chosen, and being protected by giving assurances of not intimidating men. Therefore, women try to hide their successes or being a student at the University of Tokyo.

好不容易考进东京大学的男女生们，等待你们的将是怎样的环境呢？和其他大学联谊时，东大的男生颇受欢迎。可是，一位东大的女生却告诉我，当她在联谊时被问道“你是哪个学校的？”，她怯怯地回答“东京……的大学”。为什么要这样回答呢？因为如果说是东京大学的，就会被敬而远之了。为什么男生觉得身为东大学生是件值得骄傲的事，而女生却难以启齿呢？这是因为，男性的价值与优异的成绩具有一致性，而女性的价值却无法以成绩衡量。女生自幼就被期许要很“可爱”。那么“可爱”是一种怎样的价值呢？那是一种被怜爱、被选择、被保护的价值，而这种价值中，暗含着绝对不会威胁到对方的一种保证。因此，女生会隐藏起自己成绩优异的事实和作为东大学生的身份。

表示“犹豫，踌躇”，英文解释为“to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about it”举个🌰：

"Do you love me?" he asked. She hesitated and then said, "I'm not sure." “你爱我吗？”他问道。她犹豫了一下，然后说：“我不确定。”

intimidate /ɪnˈtɪm.ɪ.deɪt/ 表示“恫吓，恐吓；威胁”，英文解释为“to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do something that you want them to do”举个🌰：

They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs. 他们因为受到失去工作的威胁而被迫同意减薪。

There was a case that a group of five male students in the Department of Engineering and a graduate school of the University of Tokyo sexually abused female students from private universities. Three of the perpetrators were expelled from the university, and two male students were suspended from the university. Based on this case, a writer called Kaoruko Himeno wrote a novel titled Because she is stupid [Kanojyo wa atama ga waruikara], and a symposium was held on campus about the theme of the book in 2018. “Because she is stupid” is an actual phrase used by one of the perpetrators during the investigation. When you read this novel, you will understand how male students of the University of Tokyo are looked upon by others in society.

之前东京大学发生过一起恶性事件，5名工学院的本科生和研究生集体性侵了一名私立大学的女生。加害人中有3人被退学，2人被停学。作家姬野熏子根据这起事件创作了《因为她蠢》这部小说，并于去年在东大召开了这部作品的研讨会。“因为她蠢”是在警方调查过程中从一位男性加害人口中蹦出的原话。大家只要读一读这部作品，就会知道社会大众是如何看待东大男生的。

abuse可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“虐待”，英文解释为“If someone is abused, they are treated cruelly and violently.”，也可以指“侮辱，辱骂，谩骂”（You can say that someone is abused if extremely rude and insulting things are said to them.）或者是“滥用，妄用”（to deliberately use something for the wrong purpose or for your own advantage），举个🌰：

He showed how the rich and powerful can abuse their position. 他揭露了有钱有势的人会如何滥用他们的地位。

perpetrator /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ 表示“作恶者；犯罪者”，英文解释为“someone who does something morally wrong or illegal”。

📺美剧《疑犯追踪》（Person of Interest）的片头经典台词就有一句：But victim or perpetrator, if your number is up, we'll find you.（但无论是受害人还是行凶者，只要你的号码被列出来，我们就会找到你。）

expel 表示“驱逐；除名；开除”，英文解释为“to force someone to leave a school, organization, or country”举个🌰：

He was expelled from school for bad behaviour. 他因为行为不端被学校开除了。

1）表示“（因犯错而）暂令停职；暂令停学；暂令停止参加活动”，英文解释为“If someone is suspended from work, school, etc., they are temporarily not allowed to work, go to school, or take part in an activity because of having done something wrong.”举个🌰：

He was suspended for four games after arguing with the referee. 跟裁判发生争执之后，他被停赛4场。

2）表示“暂停”，英文解释为“If you suspend something, you delay it or stop it from happening for a while or until a decision is made about it”举个🌰：

The union suspended the action this week. 工会本周暂停了这一行动。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述英国房价上涨的文章中提到：Britain has temporarily suspended stamp duty, a tax on buying houses. 英国已经暂停征收购房印花税。

3）表示“悬挂”，英文解释为“to hang”举个🌰：

The builders worked on wooden platforms, suspended by ropes from the roof of the building. 建筑工人站在用绳子从房顶上吊下来的木制平台上作业。

symposium /sɪmˈpəʊ.zi.əm/ 表示“研讨会，论坛，专题讨论会”，英文解释为“an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest”如：a symposium on European cinema 欧洲电影研讨会。

对比：

📍seminar /ˈsem.ɪ.nɑːr/ 表示“专题讨论会；研讨会”，英文解释为“an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something”

I heard the University of Tokyo has a fraternity club that admits participation to female students only from other universities excluding those of the University of Tokyo. When I was a university student many years ago, a similar fraternity club existed. I am astonished such a fraternity club is still going after half a century. In March 2019, the Director of the Office for Gender Equality/Executive Vice President at the University of Tokyo warned that the exclusion of University of Tokyo female students goes against egalitarian principles that the University of Tokyo Charter advocates.

东京大学至今仍存在事实上不允许东大女生加入，只接受其他大学女生参与的男性社团。在半个世纪以前，我还是学生的时候，也存在这样的社团。没想到半个世纪之后的今天它依然存在。2019年三月，东京大学负责男女共同参与项目的理事兼副校长对其发出警告，明确指出这种排挤女生的行为与《东京大学宪章》所倡导的平等理念相悖。

fraternity /frəˈtɜː.nə.ti/ 表示“（有相同职业或兴趣爱好的）群体，集团”，英文解释为“a group of people who have the same job or interest”如：the legal fraternity (= lawyers) 律师界同仁；也可以表示“（美国或加拿大的）男大学生联谊会”，英文解释为“a social organization for male students at an American or Canadian college”

表示“排斥；排除在外”，英文解释为“the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place”如：her exclusion from the list of Oscar nominees 她被排除在奥斯卡奖提名名单之外。

egalitarian /ɪˌɡælɪˈtɛərɪən/ 表示“平等主义的；主张人人平等的”，英文解释为“believing that all people are equally important and should have the same rights and opportunities in life”如：an egalitarian society 奉行平等主义的社会。

Schools that you belong to are supposedly egalitarian communities. There are no gender differences in standard score competition. However, hidden gender discrimination already begins before you enter university. When you go out into the real world, more outright gender discrimination awaits you. Unfortunately, the University of Tokyo is no exception.

你们至今所经历的学校生活，是“表面”上平等的社会。在成绩的竞争中，没有男女之别。然而，从步入大学的那一刻起，性别歧视已在暗处悄然萌动。走进社会，性别歧视更是明目张胆地大行其道。很遗憾，东京大学里亦是如此。

作副词，表示“彻底，完全；立刻；当场”，英文解释为“completely or immediately”举个🌰：

I think cigarette advertising should be banned outright. 我认为应该全面禁止香烟广告。

作形容词，表示“完全的，彻底的”，英文解释为“Outright means complete and total.”举个🌰：

She had failed to win an outright victory. 她没能大获全胜。

At the University of Tokyo, female students are approximately 20% of undergraduates, 25% in master’s programs, and 30.7% in doctoral programs. When they step into academia, among scholars, women are 18.2% among assistant professors, 11.6% among associate professors, and only 7.8% among professors. This percentage is lower than those of women politicians in Parliament. Women deans are one out of fifteen, and there has been no woman president to this date.

本科生中女生的比率大约为20%，研究生中硕士为25%，博士为30.7%。之后从事研究工作的女性比率会有所减少，助教的女性比率为18.2%，副教授为11.6%，教授则仅有7.8%，比国会议员的女性比率还低。院长、研究科长里每15人中有1名是女性，东京大学历任校长中则从未出现过女性。

dean /diːn/ 表示“系主任；学院院长”，英文解释为“an official of high rank in a college or university who is responsible for the organization of a department or departments”举个🌰：

She is the new dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences. 她是社会科学院的新任院长。

As a pioneer in Women’s Studies 身为女性学的先驱

The academic field of studying gender relations such as mentioned previously emerged about 40 years ago. It was called Women’s Studies. The field was later incorporated into a newly formed Gender Studies. When I was a university student, the academic field called Women’s Studies didn’t exist. Since it didn’t exist, we created it. The field of Women’s Studies was born outside academia, and it is now included as an academic field. When I joined the faculty of the University of Tokyo a quarter century ago, I was the third woman faculty member to be hired in the Faculty of Letters. Then, I started teaching Women’s Studies. Once we started women's studies, the world was full of enigmas.

研究这些现象的学问诞生于40年前，开始称作“女性学”，之后改称“性别研究”（Gender Studies）。当我还是学生的时候，世上并没有女性学这门学问，于是我们开创了它。女性学诞生于大学之外，而后步入大学之中。25年前，当我赴东京大学任职时，我是文学院第三位女性教师，之后得以在讲台上教授女性学。在我开始女性学研究之后，我发现世间满是未解之谜。

1）表示“包含；将…包括在内”，英文解释为“If one thing incorporates another thing, it includes the other thing.”举个🌰：

The new cars will incorporate a number of major improvements. 

这种新型汽车将包含许多重大的改进。

2）表示“使并入”，英文解释为“If someone or something is incorporated into a large group, system, or area, they become a part of it.”

🎬电影《草叶》（Leaves of Grass）中的台词提到：We've been wanting to incorporate more philosophy into the curriculum. 我们一直很想在课程中增加更多的哲学课程。

enigma /ɪˈnɪɡ.mə/ 表示“令人费解的事物，令人困惑的事物”，英文解释为“something that is mysterious and seems impossible to understand completely”举个🌰：

She is something of an enigma. 她有点让人捉摸不透。

Why are men supposed to work outside and why are women supposed to do housework? What is “a housewife” and what does “a housewife” do? What material did women use in the past when sanitary napkins and tampons had not yet been produced? Did LGBTQ people exist in the history of Japan? Since nobody had researched these topics, there was hardly any existing literature in academic fields. Therefore, whatever subject you researched, you were able to become a pioneer and an expert in the field. Nowadays, you can obtain a degree from the University of Tokyo based on research on housewives, or girls’ comics, or sexuality. That is because we cultivated these new academic fields, and struggled to develop them. What kept motivating me was my insatiable inquiring mind and my anger against social injustice.

为什么有“男主外、女主内”的规定？家庭主妇是怎样的人、从事怎样的劳动？没有卫生巾和卫生棉条的岁月里，来月经时使用何种物品？日本历史上有没有同性恋？……这些问题没有人调查过，故而没有所谓的先行研究。所以，不论做哪方面的研究，都会是那个领域的“先驱”、“第一人”。今天在东京大学，不论你做家庭主妇的研究、少女漫画的研究还是与性相关的种种事象（sexuality）的研究，都能够拿到学位，那是因为有我们开拓了新的研究领域并奋斗至今。而一直推动我前行的，是无止尽的好奇心和对社会不公的愤懑。

sanitary /ˈsænɪtərɪ/ 作形容词1）表示“清洁的，卫生的，于健康无害的”，英文解释为“clean and not causing any danger to people’s health”，举个🌰：

Often, the camps were not very sanitary. 营地里常常不太卫生。

2）或者是“有关卫生的，与健康有关的”，英文解释为“relating to the ways that dirt, infection, and waste are removed, so that places are clean and healthy for people to live in”，举个🌰：

Diseases were spread through poor sanitary conditions. 疾病因卫生条件很差而传播开来。

美式 sanitary napkin = 英式 sanitary towel = 澳大利亚英语 sanitary pad sanitary towel /ˈsæn.ɪ.tər.i ˌtaʊəl/ 表示“卫生巾，月经垫”，英文解释为“a piece of soft material worn by a woman to absorb blood during her period (= blood flow each month)”

tampon /ˈtæmpɒn/ 表示“月经棉塞，卫生棉栓”，英文解释为“a small cylinder of cotton or other material that a woman puts in her vagina to absorb blood during her period”

表示“（尤指儿童看的）连环画杂志，漫画杂志；连环漫画”，英文解释为“a magazine, especially for children, that tells stories through pictures”。

insatiable /ɪnˈseɪʃəbəl, -ʃɪə-/ 表示“（尤指欲望或需求）无法满足的，贪得无厌的”，英文解释为“(especially of a desire or need) too great to be satisfied”举个🌰：

He had an insatiable appetite/desire/hunger for power. 他对权力贪得无厌。

inquiring /ɪnˈkwaɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“（人的行为）探究求索的，追根问底的；（人的神色）好奇的，探询的”，英文解释为“(of someone's behaviour) always wanting to learn new things, or (of someone's expression) wanting to know something”举个🌰：

You have a very inquiring mind, don't you? 你喜欢刨根问底，对吧？

Venture can be initiated in academia. Some academic fields decay, while some areas newly emerge. In that sense, initiating Women’s Studies was a venture. In addition to Women’s Studies, new academic fields emerged such as Environmental Studies, Information Studies, and Disability Studies. Changing times demanded such research activities.

学问之中也有对新领域的冒险。有的学问日渐衰退，反之，有的却方兴未艾。女性学就是一次冒险。不仅是女性学，环境学、信息学、残障学等新学问也层出不穷。这些正是时代发展所需。

表示“使开始；发起”，英文解释为“If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen.”举个🌰：

They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics. 他们想发起一次关于经济学的讨论。

decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ 表示“腐蚀；（使）衰败，（使）衰弱”，英文解释为“to become gradually damaged, worse, or less; to cause something to do this”举个🌰：

Sugar makes your teeth decay. 糖能引起蛀牙。

A University that is open to change and diversity 充满变化与多样性的大学

Let me remind you that the University of Tokyo is an institution that is open to change and diversity. The proof is that the University hired a person like me and invited me to give a speech on this stage. The University of Tokyo is the second national university that hired faculty members such as Zainichi Korean (a second-generation Korean resident living in Japan), Kang Sang-jung, and a world-renowned architect with only a high school diploma, Tadao Ando, or a person with multiple disabilities, Satoshi Fukushima.

首先声明一下，东京大学是一所充满变化与多样性的大学。能聘用我这样的人，并让我在这里发言便是最好的证明。东京大学里，有国立大学史上第一位在日韩国人 教授——姜尚中，还有首位高中毕业的教授——安藤忠雄，以及盲聋哑三重残疾的福岛智教授。

表示“多样性，多样化”，英文解释为“the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of different things or people”举个🌰：

Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？

world-renowned /ˌwɜːld.rɪˈnaʊnd/ 表示“（在某一领域）世界知名的”，英文解释为“famous all over the world in a particular area of activity”举个🌰：

He is a world-renowned expert on food safety. 在食品安全方面，他是一位世界知名的专家。

表示“学位证书；大学文凭”，英文解释为“a document given by a college or university to show that you have passed a particular exam or finished your studies”。

You came here selected by entrance examinations. It is said that five million yen is allocated annually from the national budget to one University of Tokyo student. A wonderful educational environment awaits you for the next four years. I guarantee the richness of the environment because I once taught here.

你们是经过千挑万选来到这里的。据说国家每年在东京大学每位学生身上的花费为500万日圆。接下来的4年，东京大学已为你们准备好绝佳的教育学习环境，这一点，曾执教于这里的我，可以完全保证。

You all studied very hard up to this point, expecting that such hard work to be rewarded. However, as I mentioned about unfair medical school entrance examination at the beginning, an unjust society awaits, where hard work won’t always be rewarded. And what you thought was a reward for your hard work was not the result of your own efforts only but was due to the favorable environment you had. The reason why you think your hard work is being rewarded is that people around you have encouraged you, supported you, have given you a helping hand, and recognized and admired what you have accomplished. In this world, there are people who are not rewarded even if they try very hard, or those who are unable to make efforts, or those who would destroy their health and mind by working too hard. Also, there are people whose drive is dampened even before they try because of negative comments or thoughts like “You won’t succeed no matter what!” or “After all, nobody believes in me.”

在此之前，你们恐怕都相信只要努力就会有回报。然而，正如我在开头所提到的入学考试舞弊问题一样，等待你们的，将是无论怎样努力也无法得到公平回报的社会。而且，请不要忘记，你们之所以相信只要努力就会有回报，并不是因为你们自身的努力，而是因为周围优越的环境。你们之所以能有“只要努力就会有回报”的想法，是因为你们周围的环境在不断地鼓励你、推动你前行、助你一臂之力，并赞美你所取得的成绩。然而，世上也有很多人，他们有的不管怎样努力也得不到回报，有的想努力却无能为力，还有的因过度努力而身心俱疲。更有甚者，在努力之前已经丧失了斗志，被“就凭你这样的人”、“像我这样的人怎么可能”的想法击垮。

dampen /ˈdæmpən/d 表示“使（尤指兴奋或喜悦之情）平静下来；稳定（情绪）；对…泼冷水”，英文解释为“to make feelings, especially of excitement or enjoyment, less strong”举个🌰：

Nothing you can say will dampen her enthusiasm. 不管你说什么她的热情丝毫不减。

2）表示“使潮湿；把…弄潮；使受潮”，英文解释为“to make something slightly wet”举个🌰：

Rain had dampened the tent so we left it to dry in the afternoon sun. 雨水打湿了帐篷，午后我们把它放到太阳底下晒。

I hope you won’t focus your efforts only to win the game for yourself. I hope you will use your gifted talents and favorable environment to help those who are less fortunate, and do not denigrate them. And I hope you live your life by accepting who you are even with your weaknesses and by helping and supporting each other. Women’s Studies was born out of a women’s movement called feminism. Feminist thought does not insist that women should behave like men or the weak should become the powerful. Rather, feminism asks that the weak be treated with dignity as they are.

所以，你们的努力，请不要只用于一己输赢。你们拥有得天独厚的环境和能力，但这些不是你们用来贬低那些不具备优越环境和卓越能力的人们的道具，而是帮助他们的武器。同时，请不要逞强，勇于承认自己的弱点，相互扶持着生活下去。“女性主义”（feminism）这一女性运动孕育了女性学，女性主义思想不是让女性的言行举止如男性一般，或让弱者变为与强者一样，它所追求的，是弱者也应该受到作为弱者应有的尊重。

denigrate /ˈden.ɪ.ɡreɪt/ 表示“贬低，诋毁”，英文解释为“to say that someone or something is not good or important”举个🌰：

You shouldn't denigrate people just because they have different beliefs from you. 你不要只是因为信仰不同而贬低他人。

feminism /ˈfem.ɪ.nɪ.zəm/ 表示“女权主义；女权运动”，英文解释为“the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state”

The value of learning at the University of Tokyo 在东京大学求学的价值

The world that awaits you is one where existing theories do not apply. It is a world that is unknown and unpredictable. Until now, you sought knowledge that was tested with correct answers. From now on, you are entering a world filled with questions that have no correct answers. We need diversity within the university because new values emerge through interactions among different cultures and systems. You don’t have to limit yourself within the boundaries of this university. The University of Tokyo has agreements with many universities abroad and provides opportunities to participate in local projects. Seek the unknown, and go out into a different world. Don’t fear different cultures. You can survive wherever people live.

等待你们的，是一个未知的世界，在那里，迄今为止的理论将形同虚设。一直以来，你们都在追求有正确答案的知识，然而今后等待你们的，将是没有正确答案、充满疑问的世界。大学校园里为何需要多样性？因为新的价值产生于系统与系统间的区别，文化与文化间的摩擦。同时，你们不必局限于校园之内，东京大学里有完善的机制，支持你们海外留学、国际交流、以及参与解决国内区域问题的相关活动。请追求未知的领域，飞向更广阔的外部世界。无需恐惧文化的差异，只要是有人生活的地方，你都能活下去。

I would like you to acquire skills and knowledge to be able to survive wherever you are; whether that be a world where the reputation of the University of Tokyo has no meaning or a world where you are lowered to the status of a refugee. I believe that the value of learning at university is not to acquire existing knowledge but to acquire knowledge to produce new knowledge that is yet unknown. Knowledge to create new knowledge is called meta-knowledge. The mission of this university is to help you acquire such meta-knowledge.

希望你们拥有生存的能力，哪怕到了东大的金字招牌毫无用处的地方，不论身处何种环境、何种世界，即使成为难民，我都希望你们能掌握生存下去的智慧。我深信，在大学求学的价值，并非在于获取已为人知的知识，而是掌握能够创造出未为人知的新知识的知识。创造新知识的知识，我们称之为“元知识”。让学生掌握“元知识”，正是大学的使命。

Welcome to the University of Tokyo.

欢迎来到东京大学。

April 12, 2019

Chief Director, Women’s Action Network, Certified NPO

Chizuko Ueno

平成31年（2019年）4月12日

NPO法人“女性行动网络”理事长

上野 千鹤子

（翻译　陸薇薇）

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