《黑暗荣耀》你觉得怎么样？

近日，韩国2022年宋慧乔、李到晛主演的电视剧《黑暗荣耀》（The Glory）引发热议，你看了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1.「主角」怎么表达？

2.「卷发棒」怎么表达？

3. device在文中是什么意思？

无注释原文：

How Netflix's The Glory Drew Inspiration From Real Stories of School Violence in Korea

From: TIME

MARCH 10, 2023

The Glory, a popular K-drama about a woman who seeks revenge on the classmates who severely bullied her as a teen, returns to Netflix today with its final eight episodes. In the series—which remained on the streamer's Global Top Ten list for five weeks after dropping its first batch of episodes in December—Song Hye-kyo plays Moon Dong-eun, who has devoted her entire adult life to crafting a meticulous plan to take down her former abusers. The Glory chiefly follows Dong-eun's enactment of that plan, 20 years after the abuse. It is the latest in a long line of Korean dramas that use school bullying as a plot point, and its narrative impetus comes from real-life incidents of school violence in Korea.

If you're a frequent watcher of Korean dramas or reader of webtoons, then you've almost certainly seen a storyline about school bullying before. The zombie virus that takes over Hyosan High in All of Us Are Dead, Netflix's 11th most-streamed TV series of all time, is created in a father's attempt to protect his son from school bullies. In last year's school drama Weak Hero Class 1, the action begins when protagonist Yeon Shi-eun (Park Ji-hoon), a quiet model student, violently strikes back against his bully. Another 2022 drama, The King of Pigs, follows two survivors of childhood bullying—one who grows up to become a serial killer, and the other who becomes a police detective.

Kim Eun-sook—who has penned some of hallyu's most popular dramas, including Goblin, Descendants of the Sun, and Mr. Sunshine—was inspired to write The Glory when her teen daughter asked her a jarring question: “Mom, would you be more heartbroken if I beat someone nearly to death or if I got beat nearly to death by someone else?” With The Glory, Kim set out to answer that question. Part 1 begins the story, chronicling Dong-eun's psychological and physical torment in gruesome detail. In Part 2, we will finally learn if Dong-eun gets the justice society so frustratingly refuses to provide.

The real-life issues behind the narrative device

In creating The Glory, Kim researched the systemic school violence that has impacted Korean society for decades. Bullying is a widespread problem in Korea, where suicide has been the number one cause of death for young people since 2007. In the past few decades, it has also become a much-discussed one, as the government works to combat the problem. In 2004, Korea passed a law called The Special Act on School Violence Prevention, following the deaths of several teenagers by suicide after they were bullied. The legislation led to the formation of school committees to monitor bullying, but according to this recent Korea Times article, bullying is still a major problem.

In The Glory, fictional character Dong-eun is severely bullied by a group of classmates. They sear her skin with a hair-curling iron, scratch her with pins, and beat and kick her. Many of these disturbing details are based on a real-life incident that occurred in 2006, at a girls' school in Cheongju, Korea. In that case, three ninth-grade girls bullied their classmate for a period of 20 days, including burning her skin with a curling wand. The abuse resulted in a six-week hospitalization for injuries, among them a protruded tailbone.

Of course, that is just the physical toll. The targets of bullies also suffer psychological trauma that can follow them into adulthood. Though The Glory uses Dong-eun's burn scars as a visual representation of the abuse she has survived, the series is much more interested in exploring how being bullied as a teen—and the absolute failure of the adults in her life to protect her—have shaped her mental health and life choices. In Episode 6 of the series, the usually stoic Dong-eun has a panic attack on the floor of a mechanic shop. It is triggered by the sound of meat being cooked on a grill, which brings back memories of her abuse.

Bullying is repeated, harmful behavior characterized by a power imbalance between the perpetrator and the victim. Research suggests bullying occurs across and within all socioeconomic groups, though victims are slightly more likely to come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. There is a more conclusive link between bullying and a country's wealth inequality. In 2014, The Conversation did an investigation into the connections between social class and bullying, finding that bullying is more common in hierarchical social structures where more financial or social inequality is present. As they put it, “The more unequal a social setting, the more likely it is that using any means of getting ahead is endorsed.”

In Korea, wealth inequality is only slightly better than conditions in the U.S., which is to say relatively high and growing. While school violence storylines are usually confined to a single town or institution, they act as narrative microcosms for larger social inequalities that teens and adults alike can relate to—both in Korea and in the U.S. In The Glory, protagonist Moon Dong-eun is poor, with parents who are not able to take care of her. Her chief abuser, Park Yeon-jin, comes from a wealthy family. When Dong-eun reports Yeon-jin's physical abuse, first to her teacher and then to the police, they not only ignore her, but punish her for accusing someone from a wealthy family. In a particularly disturbing scene, Dong-eun's homeroom teacher hits her repeatedly in the middle of the staff lounge for reporting the bullying.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How Netflix's The Glory Drew Inspiration From Real Stories of School Violence in Korea

From: TIME

MARCH 10, 2023

The Glory, a popular K-drama about a woman who seeks revenge on the classmates who severely bullied her as a teen, returns to Netflix today with its final eight episodes. In the series—which remained on the streamer's Global Top Ten list for five weeks after dropping its first batch of episodes in December—Song Hye-kyo plays Moon Dong-eun, who has devoted her entire adult life to crafting a meticulous plan to take down her former abusers. The Glory chiefly follows Dong-eun's enactment of that plan, 20 years after the abuse. It is the latest in a long line of Korean dramas that use school bullying as a plot point, and its narrative impetus comes from real-life incidents of school violence in Korea.

《黑暗荣耀》（The Glory）是一部热播韩剧，讲述了一个女孩在青少年时期受到同学严重霸凌后寻求复仇的故事。今天，这部剧的另外八集将在Netflix上播出。去年12月播出第一季后，这部剧连续五周登上Netflix的全球十大热播剧榜单。宋慧乔在剧中饰演文东恩，她一直致力于制定一份详细的计划，以扳倒以前的几个施暴者。该剧主要讲述了文东恩在受到霸凌20年后执行这一计划的过程。这是韩剧中长期以来将校园霸凌作为剧情的最新例子，其故事源于韩国校园暴力的真实事件。

表示“报复；报仇”，英文解释为“something that you do in order to make sb suffer because they have made you suffer”举个🌰：

He swore to  take (his) revenge on  his enemies. 他发誓要报复他的敌人。

作名词，表示“恃强凌弱者，以大欺小者”，英文解释为“someone who hurts or frightens someone who is smaller or less powerful, often forcing them to do something that they do not want to do”举个🌰：

You're just a big bully! 你欺负人！

作动词，表示“伤害；胁迫；欺负，欺凌”，英文解释为“to hurt or frighten someone who is smaller or less powerful than you, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do”举个🌰：

Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school. 我们的调查表明，有四分之一的孩子在学校受人欺负。

在电视/电影节目中，episode表示“一集，一节，片断”（one of the single parts into which a story is divided, especially when it is broadcast on the television or radio），也可以指“事件；（相关的）一连串事件；一段经历”，英文解释为“a single event or group of related events”举个🌰：

This latest episode in the fraud scandal has shocked a lot of people. 诈骗丑闻最新爆出的这一事件让很多人瞠目结舌。

还可以指「疾病的发作，发病」，英文解释为：a finite period in which someone is affected by a specified illness.

补充：

📍第几集用的是Episode，第几季则为Season. 你下载美剧时可能就会看到S01E02，就是指的第1季第2集。

最后一集finale：the last part of a piece of music or of a show, event etc （演出的）终场，最后一幕；（音乐的）终曲；（事件等的）结尾。

🎬还有，看剧时新一集开头通常会有的一个说法：previously on ...，...的前情提要，前情回顾。

batch /bætʃ/ 表示“一批，一组”，英文解释为“a group of things or people dealt with at the same time or considered similar in type”举个🌰：

The cook brought in a fresh batch of homemade cupcakes. 那位厨师带来了一炉刚刚烤好的自制蛋糕。

结合我们常见的aircraft/spacecraft/hovercraft等词可以猜到，作名词，craft表示“船，艇；飞行器，航空器”，英文解释为“a vehicle for travelling on water or through the air”，如：

naval craft 军舰

civilian craft 民用船

patrol craft 巡逻艇

rescue craft 救生艇

📍补充：

hovercraft 气垫船

military aircraft 军用飞机

a manned/unmanned spacecraft 载人/无人的宇宙飞船

📍此外，craft作名词还可以指“工艺，手艺；技术”，英文解释为“skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects; a job or activity that needs skill and experience, or something produced using skill and experience”，如：

the craft of furniture making/sewing 家具制作/缝纫工艺

political/literary craft 政治手腕／文学手法

rural/ancient/traditional crafts 乡村的/古老的/传统的手艺

craft workers (= skilled workers) 熟练工人，工匠

📍当然，也可以作为动词表示“精制，（手工）制作”，举个🌰：

Each doll is crafted individually by specialists. 每个布娃娃都由专业人员手工制作。

🎬电影《外星人保罗》（Paul）中的台词提到：Hey, imagine if we got buzzed by a craft. 想象一下如果一艘飞船从我们头上掠过。

meticulous /mɪˈtɪkjʊləs/ 表示“严谨的，一丝不苟的；非常注意细节的”，英文解释为“very careful and with great attention to every detail”举个🌰：

Many hours of meticulous preparation have gone into writing the book. 为写此书，已投入了大量时间做细致的前期准备。

enactment /ɪˈnækt.mənt/ 表示“实行，实施；（尤指）制定或颁布（法律）”，英文解释为“the act of putting something into action, especially the act of making something law”举个🌰：

The goal of the legislators was enactment of a tax bill. 立法者的目标是制定税收法案。

narrative /ˈnær.ə.tɪv/ 作形容词，表示“叙述的，讲故事式的”，英文解释为“telling a story”如：a narrative poem 叙述诗。

作名词，1）表示“故事；叙事”，英文解释为“A narrative is a story or an account of a series of events.”如：a fast-moving narrative 一个快节奏的叙事。

2）表示“（对事件的特定的）陈述”，英文解释为“a particular way of explaining or understanding events”。

impetus /ˈɪmpɪtəs/ 表示“推动，促进，刺激”，英文解释为“something that encourages a particular activity or makes that activity more energetic or effective”举个🌰：

The recent publicity surrounding homelessness has given (a) fresh impetus to the cause. 最近围绕无家可归者的宣传对这一事业是个新的推动。

If you're a frequent watcher of Korean dramas or reader of webtoons, then you've almost certainly seen a storyline about school bullying before. The zombie virus that takes over Hyosan High in All of Us Are Dead, Netflix's 11th most-streamed TV series of all time, is created in a father's attempt to protect his son from school bullies. In last year's school drama Weak Hero Class 1, the action begins when protagonist Yeon Shi-eun (Park Ji-hoon), a quiet model student, violently strikes back against his bully. Another 2022 drama, The King of Pigs, follows two survivors of childhood bullying—one who grows up to become a serial killer, and the other who becomes a police detective.

如果你经常看韩剧或者看网漫，那么你大概率看过校园欺凌的故事情节。在Netflix有史以来播放量第11位的电视剧《僵尸校园》（All of Us Are Dead）中，在孝山高中扩散的僵尸病毒就是一位父亲为了保护儿子免受校园霸凌伤害而产生的。去年的校园剧《弱美男英雄Class 1》（Weak Hero Class 1）则是以主人公延时恩（朴志训饰），一位文静的模范学生，对霸凌者进行暴力反抗开场的。另一部2022年的剧《猪猡之王》（The King of Pigs）则讲述了两个在童年时期受到了欺凌的人一个长大后成为连环杀手，另一个成为警探。

protagonist /prəʊˈtæɡənɪst/ 表示“（戏剧、电影或故事的）主要人物，主角，主人公”，英文解释为“the most important character in a play, film, or story”；

类似的表达还有：

📍lead 表示“（戏剧、电影等中的）主角；扮演主角的演员”（the main part in a play, film/movie, etc.; the person who plays this part），如：the male/female lead 男/女主角。

📍main character 主要人物；主要角色；

📍star表示“主角，主演”（the person who has the main part, or one of them, in a film, play, show etc）；

📍hero和heroine分别表示“男主角/男主人公”（the man or boy who is the main character in a book, film, play etc）和“女主角/女主人公”（the woman or girl who is the main character in a book, film, play etc）。

Kim Eun-sook—who has penned some of hallyu's most popular dramas, including Goblin, Descendants of the Sun, and Mr. Sunshine—was inspired to write The Glory when her teen daughter asked her a jarring question: “Mom, would you be more heartbroken if I beat someone nearly to death or if I got beat nearly to death by someone else?” With The Glory, Kim set out to answer that question. Part 1 begins the story, chronicling Dong-eun's psychological and physical torment in gruesome detail. In Part 2, we will finally learn if Dong-eun gets the justice society so frustratingly refuses to provide.

金银淑（Kim Eun-sook）曾撰写过一些广受欢迎的韩剧，包括《孤单又灿烂的神-鬼怪》（Goblin）、《太阳的后裔》（Descendants of the Sun）和《阳光先生》（Mr. Sunshine）。“妈妈，是我把某个人打得快死你更心痛，还是我被别人打得快死你更心痛？”当她十几岁的女儿问了她这个令人震惊的问题时，她受到了启发开始撰写《黑暗荣耀》并回答了这个问题。第一季中讲述了文东恩在心理和身体上遭受的残酷折磨。第二季将揭示文东恩是否能够获得一直以来社会难以提供的正义。

pen熟词僻义，作动词，表示“写”，举个🌰：

He penned a letter to the local paper. 他给当地报纸写了一封信。

📍此外，pen作动词的过去式和过去分词写法为pent或者penned.

表示“韩流”，Hallyu is a Chinese term which, when translated, literally means “Korean Wave”. It is a collective term used to refer to the phenomenal growth of Korean culture and popular culture encompassing everything from music, movies, drama to online games and Korean cuisine just to name a few.

goblin /ˈɡɒb.lɪn/ 表示“（故事中通常很丑陋且祸害人的）小妖精，小妖怪”，英文解释为“(in stories) a small, ugly creature that is harmful to humans”。

📍Goblin Mode，鬼怪模式/哥布林模式/摆烂模式，形容的是一种肆无忌惮地自我放纵、懒惰、邋遢或贪婪状态，且通常是以不遵守社会规范或期望的方式呈现。（a type of behaviour which is unapologetically self-indulgent, lazy, slovenly, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations.）

descendant /dɪˈsɛndənt/ 表示“后裔；后代；子孙”，英文解释为“a person's descendants are their children, their children's children, and all the people who live after them who are related to them”举个🌰：

Many of them are descendants of the original settlers. 他们中许多人都是早期移民的后裔。

jarring /ˈdʒɑː.rɪŋ/ 表示“（使）感到不快的；刺激（神经等）的”，英文解释为“a jarring sight, sound, or experience is so different or unexpected that it has a strong and unpleasant effect on something or someone”如：a jarring cry/chord 刺耳的哭喊声/不协调的和音。

chronicle /ˈkrɒnɪkəl/ 1）作名词，表示“编年史；年代记；大事记”，英文解释为“a written record of historical events”。

2）作动词，表示“记述，记录（大事）；把…载入编年史；按发生时间顺序编写或播放”，英文解释为“To chronicle a series of events means to write about them or show them in broadcasts in the order in which they happened.”举个🌰：

The series chronicles the everyday adventures of a girl. 这部丛书按时间顺序记载了一位女生每天的奇遇。

torment /ˈtɔːrment; tɔːrˈment/ 可以作名词也可以作动词，表示“折磨；使痛苦”，英文解释为“to cause a person or animal to suffer or worry”举个🌰：

It tormented me all day. 这件事折磨了我一整天。

gruesome /ˈɡruː.səm/ 表示“（通常用来描述死亡或者伤害）令人厌恶的，恐怖的，可怕的”，英文解释为“extremely unpleasant and shocking, and usually dealing with death or injury”举个🌰：

The newspaper article included a gruesome description of the murder. 这篇报道中有一段对谋杀案血淋淋的描述。

The real-life issues behind the narrative device 叙事手法背后的现实生活问题

In creating The Glory, Kim researched the systemic school violence that has impacted Korean society for decades. Bullying is a widespread problem in Korea, where suicide has been the number one cause of death for young people since 2007. In the past few decades, it has also become a much-discussed one, as the government works to combat the problem. In 2004, Korea passed a law called The Special Act on School Violence Prevention, following the deaths of several teenagers by suicide after they were bullied. The legislation led to the formation of school committees to monitor bullying, but according to this recent Korea Times article, bullying is still a major problem.

在创作《黑暗荣耀》时，金银淑研究了几十年来影响韩国社会的系统性校园暴力。在韩国，霸凌是一个普遍存在的问题，自2007年以来，自杀一直是年轻人的头号死因。随着政府努力解决这个问题，在过去的几十年里它也成为一个备受关注的话题。2004年，因数名被霸凌后的青少年自杀身亡，韩国通过了一项名为《预防校园暴力特别法》的法律。这项立法促使学校成立委员会来监督霸凌行为，但据《韩国时报》最近的一篇文章，霸凌仍然是一个重大问题。

device /dɪˈvaɪs/ 熟词僻义，表示“（以期达到某种特定效果的）方法，手段”，英文解释为“a method that is used to produce a particular effect”如：a literary/rhetorical device 文学/修辞手法。

表示“法律；立法”，英文解释为“a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament”举个🌰：

The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars.

政府许诺将通过立法来限制汽车尾气排放。

表示“监视；检查；跟踪调查”，英文解释为“to watch and check sth over a period of time in order to see how it develops, so that you can make any necessary changes”举个🌰：

Each student's progress is closely monitored. 每一位同学的学习情况都受到密切的关注。

In The Glory, fictional character Dong-eun is severely bullied by a group of classmates. They sear her skin with a hair-curling iron, scratch her with pins, and beat and kick her. Many of these disturbing details are based on a real-life incident that occurred in 2006, at a girls' school in Cheongju, Korea. In that case, three ninth-grade girls bullied their classmate for a period of 20 days, including burning her skin with a curling wand. The abuse resulted in a six-week hospitalization for injuries, among them a protruded tailbone.

在《黑暗荣耀》剧中，文东恩遭到一群同学的严重霸凌。他们用卷发棒烫伤她的皮肤、用针刺她、并对她拳打脚踢。这些令人不安的细节中有许多是基于2006年发生在韩国清州一所女子学校的真实事件。在那起事件中，三名九年级女孩对同学进行了20天的霸凌，包括用卷发棒灼伤她的皮肤。这些施暴行为导致该同学受伤住院六周，其中包括尾椎骨突出。

sear /sɪər/ 表示“燎；烧焦；烧灼”，英文解释为“to burn the surface of something with sudden very strong heat”举个🌰：

The heat from the explosion seared their hands and faces. 爆炸的热浪灼伤了他们的手和脸。

curl /kɜːl/ 表示“（使）卷曲；（使）弯曲”，英文解释为“to make something into the shape of a curl, or to grow or change into this shape”举个🌰：

Does your hair curl naturally, or is it permed? 你的头发是自然卷还是烫过？

表示“抓；搔；擦；划”，英文解释为“to cut or damage a surface or your skin slightly with or on something sharp or rough”举个🌰：

Be careful not to scratch yourself on the roses.当心不要被玫瑰刺扎伤。

表示“送…住院治疗”，英文解释为“the act of taking someone to hospital and keeping them there for treatment”举个🌰：

Because of the severity of the accident, the patient required hospitalization. 因为事故严重，病人须留院治疗。

📍动词，hospitalize 表示“送…住院治疗”，英文解释为“If someone is hospitalized, they are sent or admitted to a hospital.”举个🌰：

Most people do not have to be hospitalized for asthma or pneumonia. 多数人不必因哮喘或肺炎住院。

🎬电影《考试过关的艺术》（The Art of Getting By）中的台词提到：Now that he knows I can hospitalize him. 他知道我能把他弄进医院。

注意区分对比：

📍hospitality（名词）表示“热情好客，殷勤，友好”，英文解释为“the act of being friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors”，举个🌰：

The local people showed me great hospitality. 当地人对我非常地热情友好。

protrude /prəˈtruːd/ 表示“伸出，突出，鼓出”，英文解释为“to stick out from or through something”举个🌰：

A rotting branch protruded from the swamp like a ghostly arm. 一根腐烂的树枝像鬼的手臂一样从沼泽里伸出来。

Of course, that is just the physical toll. The targets of bullies also suffer psychological trauma that can follow them into adulthood. Though The Glory uses Dong-eun's burn scars as a visual representation of the abuse she has survived, the series is much more interested in exploring how being bullied as a teen—and the absolute failure of the adults in her life to protect her—have shaped her mental health and life choices. In Episode 6 of the series, the usually stoic Dong-eun has a panic attack on the floor of a mechanic shop. It is triggered by the sound of meat being cooked on a grill, which brings back memories of her abuse.

当然，这只是身体上的伤害。受害者还会遭受心理创伤，这种创伤会伴随他们成年。尽管《黑暗荣耀》中用文东恩的烧伤疤痕作为她经历过的霸凌的视觉表现，但这部剧更关注于探索青少年时期遭受霸凌——以及她生活中的成年人完全没有保护她——是如何塑造她的心理健康和人生选择的。在该剧第6集中，往往默默承受的文东恩在一家汽车修理厂 的地板上惊恐症发作。这是由于烤肉的声音让她想起了受虐的经历。

1）表示“伤亡；损失；破坏”，英文解释为“suffering, deaths, or damage”，一般指“（死亡、事故或灾难的）总数”举个🌰：

Independent sources say that the death toll from the earthquake runs into thousands. 独立消息人士称地震中的伤亡人数达到数千人。

2）表示“(道路或桥梁）收费；通行费”，英文解释为“A toll road or toll bridge is a road or bridge that you have to pay to use.”举个🌰：

Most people who drive the toll roads don't use them every day. 大部分开车上收费公路的人不是每天都走公路。

Prepaid tolls only/ Pay toll

trauma /ˈtrɔːmə/ 表示“精神创伤，心理创伤”，英文解释为“(a) severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience”举个🌰：

He had psychotherapy to help him deal with his childhood traumas. 他进行了心理治疗以医治童年时代受到的心理创伤。

stoic /ˈstəʊ.ɪk/ 表示“克制感情的；（尤指面对逆境）坚忍的，隐忍的”，英文解释为“determined not to complain or show your feelings, especially when something bad happens to you”举个🌰：

We knew she must be in pain, despite her stoic attitude. 尽管她非常坚忍，但我们知道她一定很痛苦。

1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个🌰：

Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction. 坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。

2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个🌰：

A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger. 一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。

类似的还有：

📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：

The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination. 这首诗能够激发起想象力。

📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。

📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：

It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。

🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。

1）表示“盘问，审问”，英文解释为“to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time”举个🌰：

After being grilled by the police for two days, Johnson signed a confession. 被警方审问了两天后，约翰逊在供状上签字认罪。

2）表示“（在火焰或烧热的煤上）烧烤”，英文解释为“to cook food over fire or hot coals, usually on a metal frame”举个🌰：

Dad was grilling chicken in the back yard. 爸爸在后院烤鸡。

作名词，表示“（置于火上的）烤架”，英文解释为“a frame of metal bars over a fire on which food can be put to be cooked”或者“烧烤店，烧烤餐馆”。

Bullying is repeated, harmful behavior characterized by a power imbalance between the perpetrator and the victim. Research suggests bullying occurs across and within all socioeconomic groups, though victims are slightly more likely to come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. There is a more conclusive link between bullying and a country's wealth inequality. In 2014, The Conversation did an investigation into the connections between social class and bullying, finding that bullying is more common in hierarchical social structures where more financial or social inequality is present. As they put it, “The more unequal a social setting, the more likely it is that using any means of getting ahead is endorsed.”

霸凌是一种反复发生的有害行为，其特点是施暴者和受害者之间的权力不平衡。研究表明，霸凌行为在所有社会经济群体中都会发生，尽管受害者更有可能来自社会经济背景较低的群体。霸凌和一个国家的财富不平等之间存在更为明确的关系。2014年，《对话》（The Conversation）杂志对社会阶层和霸凌之间的关系做了调查，发现在存在更多金融或社会不平等的等级社会结构中，霸凌更为常见。正如他们所说，“社会环境越不平等，使用任何手段取得成功的可能性就越大。”

perpetrator /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ 表示“作恶者；犯罪者”，英文解释为“someone who does something morally wrong or illegal”。

📺美剧《疑犯追踪》（Person of Interest）的片头经典台词就有一句：But victim or perpetrator, if your number is up, we'll find you.（但无论是受害人还是行凶者，只要你的号码被列出来，我们就会找到你。）

hierarchical /ˌhaɪərˈɑːkɪkəl/ 表示“等级制度的”，英文解释为“A hierarchical system or organization is one in which people have different ranks or positions, depending on how important they are.”如：the traditional hierarchical system 传统等级制度。

🎬电影《1984》（Nineteen Eighty-Four）中的台词提到：a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance 一个等级社会必须建立在贫困和愚昧的基础上。

endorse 动词，1）表示“（公开）赞同，支持，认可”，英文解释为“to say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action”举个🌰：

I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks. 我真诚地赞同他的话。

2）表示“（在广告中）宣传，代言（某一产品）”，英文解释为“to say in an advertisement that you use and like a particular product so that other people will want to buy it”；

3）表示“（在支票背面）签名，背书”，英文解释为“to write your name on the back of a cheque so that it can be paid into a bank account”；

🎬电影《侏罗纪公园》（Jurassic Park）中的台词提到：After careful consideration, I've decided not to endorse your park. 仔细考虑以后 我决定不为你的公园背书。

⚠️这里补充一下，看到上面的「背书」你可能疑惑了，除了在金融上的含义，现在往往被用于政治领域。

📍例如，新华网2020年4月份一则新闻标题就为「奥巴马“背书”拜登」讲的就是奥巴马发声力挺拜登。

In Korea, wealth inequality is only slightly better than conditions in the U.S., which is to say relatively high and growing. While school violence storylines are usually confined to a single town or institution, they act as narrative microcosms for larger social inequalities that teens and adults alike can relate to—both in Korea and in the U.S. In The Glory, protagonist Moon Dong-eun is poor, with parents who are not able to take care of her. Her chief abuser, Park Yeon-jin, comes from a wealthy family. When Dong-eun reports Yeon-jin's physical abuse, first to her teacher and then to the police, they not only ignore her, but punish her for accusing someone from a wealthy family. In a particularly disturbing scene, Dong-eun's homeroom teacher hits her repeatedly in the middle of the staff lounge for reporting the bullying.

在韩国，财富不平等只比美国的情况（相对较大并且不断加剧）略好一点。虽然校园暴力的故事情节通常局限于某个城镇或机构，但无论是在韩国还是在美国，这是青少年和成年人都能感受到的更严重的社会不平等问题的缩影。在《黑暗荣耀》剧中，主人公文东恩家境贫寒，父母无力照顾她。主要施暴者朴妍珍来自一个富裕的家庭。当文东恩向老师和警察举报朴妍珍的霸凌行为时，他们不仅没有理会她，反而还因她指控有钱人家而惩罚她。在一个特别令人不安的场景中，因为她的举报，文东恩的班主任在员工休息室中间多次殴打她。

microcosm /ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌkɒz.əm/ 表示“缩影；微观世界”，英文解释为“a small place, society, or situation that has the same characteristics as something much larger”举个🌰：

The audience was selected to create a microcosm of American society. 观众是经过选择的，以把美国社会各阶层人士都纳入其中。

作副词，表示“两者都；同样地，同等地”，英文解释为“used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both groups are included”举个🌰：

Friends and family alike were devastated by the news of her death. 听到她去世的噩耗，无论家人还是朋友都悲痛欲绝。

lounge /laʊndʒ/ 1）作动词，表示“懒洋洋地坐着；懒散地躺着”，英文解释为“If you lounge somewhere, you sit or lie there in a relaxed or lazy way.”举个🌰：

They ate and drank and lounged in the shade.  他们在阴凉处懒洋洋地坐着，又吃又喝。

2）作名词，表示“（酒店、机场、剧院等的）休息厅，等候室”，英文解释为“a room in a hotel, airport, theatre, etc. where people can relax or wait”如：an airport lounge 机场候机厅；

3）表示“客厅，起居室”，英文解释为“the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing and entertaining guests in”举个🌰：

All the family were sitting in the lounge watching television. 全家人都坐在客厅里看电视。

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