才知道哭真的很有用

今天，#才知道哭真的很有用#这一话题在微博上引发热议。哭有什么好处呢？我们一起来看看。

🤔️小作业：

1. Is having a cry good for our health? Does science back this belief up?

2. notwithstanding是什么意思？

3.「哭/流泪」有哪些表达？

4. side-splitting是什么意思？

无注释原文：

Is having a cry good for our health?

From: BBC

13th March 2017

Until recently, scientists and authors were at stark disagreement over the point of crying. In King Henry VI, Shakespeare wrote, "to weep is to make less the depth of grief", and the American writer Lemony Snicket said "unless you have been very, very lucky, you know that a good, long session of weeping can often make you feel better, even if your circumstances have not changed one bit".

Charles Darwin, on the other hand, thought that the production of tears (the act of crying notwithstanding) was merely a useless side effect of the way that the muscles around the eye worked. For him, those muscles had to contract from time to time so that they didn’t overflow with blood; the expulsion of tears was simply an unintended consequence of that evolved physiological process. (He did acknowledge that crying could help young infants attract the attention of their parents, though.)

We now know that crying – at least, the sort that adults do – is a complex physiological response to some kind of emotional stimulus. The most prominent feature is of course the shedding of tears, but it also includes changes in facial expressions and breathing patterns. "Sobbing," for example, refers to the rapid inhalation and exhalation that so often accompanies crying.

From a scientific perspective, that means crying is different from the production of tears in response to a chemical irritant, like when you accidentally rub your eyes after eating spicy foods. Even the tears themselves are different. In 1981, Minnesota psychiatrist William H Frey II discovered that tears brought on by sad movies had more protein in them than those that flowed in response to some freshly chopped onions.

As anyone who has attended a side-splitting comedy act or listened to a groom read wedding vows to his bride, emotional tears aren't limited to feelings of melancholy. But while all of us are familiar with the feelings that are associated with crying, whether for joy or sorrow, there's not much that's known about why we do it as adults – but there are plenty of ideas.

One idea is that adult crying isn't actually all that different from the sort that babies do, at least when it comes to its social nature. In other words, perhaps weeping is a literal cry for attention, a means of soliciting support and help from our friends when we need it the most. It's a way of communicating our inner emotional state at a time when we may not be able to fully articulate it.

While this may explain some forms of crying, many researchers have found that adults often cry when they're completely alone. Another possibility that is that crying might serve as a means of "secondary appraisal," helping people to realise just how upset they are, a way of helping them understand their own feelings – it's a provocative idea, with at  least some evidence to support it, in some cases.

And then there's the notion of catharsis: crying provides for relief from emotionally stressful situations. The idea is consistent not only with the words of Shakespeare, but with the Roman poet Ovid, who wrote: "It is a relief to weep; grief is satisfied and carried off by tears." The Greek philosopher Aristotle also wrote that crying "cleanses the mind". In a 1986 study of popular US magazines and newspapers, one psychologist found that 94% of articles about crying suggested that it helped to relieve psychological tension.

Indeed, a 2008 study of nearly 4,300 young adults from 30 countries found that most reported improvements in both their mental and physical wellbeing after a bout of crying, but not all. Some reported no change after a crying session, and some even said that they felt worse afterwards.

The difference seems to lie in the social context: if a person felt embarrassed about crying in public, for example, they might feel less resolved than if they cried alone or with a single close friend. The study also found that when people tried to suppress or hide their crying, they also wound up feeling less relief afterwards.

So the notion of having "a good cry" is not without merit, but it seems to necessitate the right kind of social support to be effective. Which means, in the end, that adults might just cry for much the same reason as human infants: to seek help from their friends and family.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

哭泣对我们的健康是否有好处？

Is having a cry good for our health?

From: BBC

13th March 2017

Until recently, scientists and authors were at stark disagreement over the point of crying. In King Henry VI, Shakespeare wrote, "to weep is to make less the depth of grief", and the American writer Lemony Snicket said "unless you have been very, very lucky, you know that a good, long session of weeping can often make you feel better, even if your circumstances have not changed one bit".

直到不久以前，科学家和作家们还对哭泣的效用各执一词。在剧本《亨利六世》（King Henry VI）里，莎士比亚（Shakespeare）写道，"流泪可以减轻痛苦"，美国作家雷蒙·斯尼奇（Lemony Snicket）则说，"对于大多数人，哭泣都能帮助减轻压力，哪怕实际境况根本没发生变化"。

1）表示“（对比）明显的，鲜明的”，英文解释为“If two things are in stark contrast to one another, they are very different from each other in a way that is very obvious.”如：stark differences 鲜明的区别，举个🌰：

The good weather was in stark contrast to the storms of previous weeks. 这时的好天气和前几个星期的暴风雨形成鲜明的对比。

2）表示“严酷的；赤裸裸的；真实而无法回避的”，英文解释为“unpleasant; real, and impossible to avoid”。

表示“哭泣，流（泪）”，英文解释为“to cry tears”举个🌰：

People in the street wept with joy when peace was announced. 当宣布和平来临时，街上的人们喜极而泣。

Charles Darwin, on the other hand, thought that the production of tears (the act of crying notwithstanding) was merely a useless side effect of the way that the muscles around the eye worked. For him, those muscles had to contract from time to time so that they didn't overflow with blood; the expulsion of tears was simply an unintended consequence of that evolved physiological process. (He did acknowledge that crying could help young infants attract the attention of their parents, though.)

然而，查理·达尔文却认为，流泪（以及哭泣动作本身）只不过是眼睛周围的肌肉运动导致的一种无效副作用。他认为，这些肌肉必须不时收缩从而排空血液；流泪只不过是这一演化而成的生理过程中无意造成的后果而已。（然而，他同时也承认，哭泣可以帮助新生婴儿吸引父母的注意。）

notwithstanding /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/ 表示“尽管”，英文解释为“despite the fact or thing mentioned”举个🌰：

Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan. 尽管遭到一些成员的反对，我还是认为我们应该实施该计划。

1）作名词，表示“合同；契约”，英文解释为“a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself”如：a contract of employment 雇用合同。

2）作动词，熟词僻义，表示“染（重病）”，英文解释为“If you contract a serious illness, you become ill with it.”如：to contract a virus/a disease 感染病毒/疾病。

🎬电影《震荡效应》（Concussion）中的台词提到：of contracting a brain related injury such as dementia, Alzheimer's, depression or CTE? 造成相关的大脑损伤，如痴呆、阿尔茨海默氏症，抑郁症，或CTE？

3）表示“（使）收缩；（使）缩小；（使）缩短”，英文解释为“to make or become shorter or narrower or generally smaller in size”举个🌰：

In spoken English, "do not" often contracts to "don't". 在英语口语中，do not 常常缩略成 don't。

overflow /ˌəʊ.vəˈfləʊ/ 1）表示“（液体）溢出，泛滥”，英文解释为“When a liquid overflows, it flows over the edges of a container, etc. because there is too much of it.”举个🌰：

The milk overflowed when I poured it into the jug. 我往壶里倒牛奶的时候，牛奶溢了出来。

2）表示“（容器或场所）装不下，挤得太满”，英文解释为“If a container or a place overflows, whatever is inside it starts coming out because it is too full.”举个🌰：

The bin was overflowing with rubbish. 垃圾箱里的垃圾满得装不下了。

3）表示“（场所、人或事物）挤满，满得容不下；爆满；人满为患”，英文解释为“When a place overflows, or people or things overflow from somewhere, some people or things have to come out because it cannot contain them all.”举个🌰：

The bar was so full that people were overflowing into/onto the street. 酒吧里人满为患，顾客一直排到了大街上。

expulsion /ɪkˈspʌl.ʃən/ 1）表示“呼出；排出；喷出”，英文解释为“(the act of) forcing air or liquid out of something”

2）表示“驱逐，赶走；开除”，英文解释为“(the act of) forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country”举个🌰：

They threatened him with expulsion from school. 他们威胁要把他开除出学校。

表示“（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变，进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop sth in this way”举个🌰：

The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.

这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。

physiological /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“生理学的”，英文解释为“relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work”举个🌰：

Touching causes a physiological reaction. 触摸引起生理反应。

表示“婴儿”，英文解释为“a baby or a very young child”。

📍newborn一般作形容词，表示“新生的”，如：a newborn infant 新生儿。

We now know that crying – at least, the sort that adults do – is a complex physiological response to some kind of emotional stimulus. The most prominent feature is of course the shedding of tears, but it also includes changes in facial expressions and breathing patterns. "Sobbing," for example, refers to the rapid inhalation and exhalation that so often accompanies crying.

我们现在知道，哭泣——至少成人的哭泣——是在某些情绪刺激下产生的一种复杂的生理反应。哭泣导致的最明显反应是流泪，同时也伴随着面部表情和呼吸过程的变化。例如，抽泣是一种在哭泣的同时伴随的短促呼气和吸气现象。

很有意思的一个词，单数 stimulus /ˈstɪmjʊləs/，复数 stimuli /ˈstɪm.jʊ.laɪ/，没错有s的是单数。表示“刺激（物），激励（物）；促进因素”，英文解释为“something that causes growth or activity; something that causes part of the body to react”。

shed /ʃed/ 丰县生育八孩女子事件调查处理情况文中作名词，表示“（通常为木质、存放物品用的）棚子，小屋”，英文解释为“a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things”如：a tool/storage shed 工具/储物棚，a garden/bicycle shed 花园/自行车棚。

作动词，shed 1）表示“使脱落；使掉落；蜕；脱”，英文解释为“to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair, or skin, because it falls off naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident”举个🌰：

The trees shed their leaves in autumn. 树木在秋天落叶。

2）表示“（常为报刊用语）去除，摆脱”，英文解释为“(often used in newspapers) to get rid of something you do not need or want”举个🌰：

900 jobs will be shed over the next few months. 接下来几个月中要裁减900个职位。

📍shed tears, blood, light, etc. 表示“流泪／流血／发光（等等）”，英文解释为“to produce tears, light, blood, etc.”举个🌰：

She shed a few tears at her daughter's wedding. 她在女儿的婚礼上流下了泪。

表示“呜咽，抽泣，抽噎”，英文解释为“to cry noisily, taking in deep breaths”举个🌰：

I found her sobbing in the bedroom. 我看见她在卧室里抽泣。

inhalation /ˌɪn.həˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“吸气”，英文解释为“the action of breathing air, smoke, or gas into your lungs”

exhalation /ˌeks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“呼气”，英文解释为“the action of sending air out of your lungs”举个🌰：

With a short exhalation, he prepared for the work ahead. 短短地呼了一口气，他为下一步工作做起了准备。

From a scientific perspective, that means crying is different from the production of tears in response to a chemical irritant, like when you accidentally rub your eyes after eating spicy foods. Even the tears themselves are different. In 1981, Minnesota psychiatrist William H Frey II discovered that tears brought on by sad movies had more protein in them than those that flowed in response to some freshly chopped onions.

从科学角度看，哭泣不同于化学刺激物引起的流泪，例如吃了辣椒后揉眼睛的反应。甚至二者产生的泪水都存在差别。1981年，明尼苏达州精神病学家威廉·H·福瑞二世（Minnesota psychiatrist William H Frey II）发现，与受到洋葱刺激后产生的泪水相比，观众们观看悲剧电影后流下的泪水中含有更多的蛋白质。

表示“（思考问题的）角度，观点，想法”，英文解释为“a particular way of considering something”举个🌰：

Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. 她的态度为这一问题提供了新的视角。

irritant /ˈɪr.ɪ.tənt/ 1）表示“令人烦恼的事物；造成麻烦的事物”，英文解释为“something that causes trouble or makes you annoyed”举个🌰：The report is bound to add a new irritant to international relations. 这份报告肯定会给国际关系添加新麻烦。

2）表示“刺激物”，英文解释为“a substance that makes part of your body sore or painful”举个🌰：

Pollen is an irritant, causing red and sore eyes in sensitive people. 花粉有刺激性，会使过敏的人眼睛红肿疼痛。

表示“擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓”，英文解释为“to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up-and-down repeated movement”举个🌰：

She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily. 她打着哈欠睡意朦胧地揉着眼睛。

psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/表示“精神病医生”，英文解释为“A psychiatrist is a doctor who treats people suffering from mental illness.”

表示“蛋白质”，英文解释为“one of the many substances found in food such as meat, cheese, fish, or eggs, that is necessary for the body to grow and be strong”。

chop /tʃɒp/ 表示“劈；砍；剁碎，切碎”，英文解释为“to cut something into pieces with an axe, knife, or other sharp instrument”举个🌰：

Chop (up) the onions and carrots roughly. 把洋葱和胡萝卜切成大块。

As anyone who has attended a side-splitting comedy act or listened to a groom read wedding vows to his bride, emotional tears aren't limited to feelings of melancholy. But while all of us are familiar with the feelings that are associated with crying, whether for joy or sorrow, there's not much that's known about why we do it as adults – but there are plenty of ideas.

无论是令人捧腹的滑稽脱口秀，还是婚礼上新郎对新娘宣读新婚誓词的时刻都会让人流泪，这说明眼泪并非悲哀和痛苦的专利。即便我们都熟悉与哭泣相伴的情绪——无论是喜悦还是悲伤——但是对于我们成年人为何会流泪的原因，尽管科学家们提出了众多假说，目前却仍然没有定论。

side-splitting /ˈsaɪdˌsplɪt.ɪŋ/ 表示“令人捧腹的；极为有趣的”，英文解释为“extremely funny”如：a side-splitting joke/story/play 令人捧腹的笑话/故事/演出。

动词，表示“培养，培训，使做好准备”，英文解释为“to prepare someone for a special job or activity”举个🌰：

She was being groomed for leadership. 她正在接受培训以担任领导。

作名词，groom 同 bridegroom，表示“新郎；即将（或刚）结婚的男子”，英文解释为“a man who is about to get married or has just got married”

melancholy /ˈmel.əŋ.kɒl.i/ 作名词，表示“忧郁，忧伤”，英文解释为“sadness that lasts for a long period of time, often without any obvious reason”；作形容词，表示“忧郁的，忧伤的”，相当于sad，如：melancholy autumn days 伤感的秋日，a melancholy piece of music 一段忧伤的乐曲。

One idea is that adult crying isn't actually all that different from the sort that babies do, at least when it comes to its social nature. In other words, perhaps weeping is a literal cry for attention, a means of soliciting support and help from our friends when we need it the most. It's a way of communicating our inner emotional state at a time when we may not be able to fully articulate it.

有科学家认为，成年人的哭泣和儿童没什么区别，都是出于他们的社会本能。换句话说，哭泣可能是一种用来吸引别人注意的工具，一种用来在需要时获得朋友支持和帮助的方法，一种当我们无法完全清晰地表达内心情绪时与他人沟通的途径。

literal /ˈlɪt.ər.əl/ 表示“（意义）字面的，根本的”，英文解释为“The literal meaning of a word is its original, basic meaning.”举个🌰：

The literal meaning of "television" is "seeing from a distance". television 的字面意思是“从远处看”。

articulate /ɑːˈtɪk.jə.lət/ 1）表示“清楚地表达”，英文解释为“to express in words”举个🌰：

I found myself unable to articulate my feelings. 我感到无法用语言来表达我的感情。

2）表示“清晰地吐字；清晰地发音”，英文解释为“to pronounce”举个🌰：

When children first learn to talk, there are some sounds that they find difficult to articulate. 小孩子刚学说话时，有一些音他们很难发出来。

While this may explain some forms of crying, many researchers have found that adults often cry when they're completely alone. Another possibility that is that crying might serve as a means of "secondary appraisal," helping people to realise just how upset they are, a way of helping them understand their own feelings – it's a provocative idea, with at  least some evidence to support it, in some cases.

尽管这一说法能够解释哭泣的部分原因，但是有很多研究者却发现，成年人往往在一个人独处时哭泣。另一种可能是，哭泣可能是一种"二次评估"手段，帮助人们了解自己难过的程度以及当前情绪。这种较为激进的观点已经获得了某些证据的支持。

appraisal /əˈpreɪ.zəl/ 表示“评定；鉴定；估价；评价”，英文解释为“the act of examining someone or something in order to judge their qualities, success, or needs”

1）表示“（通常指故意地）使人生气的，挑衅的，煽动的”，英文解释为“If you describe something as provocative, you mean that it is intended to make people react angrily or argue against it.”举个🌰：

He has made a string of outspoken and sometimes provocative speeches in recent years.  他最近几年做了一系列直言不讳的、有时带有挑衅的演说。

2）表示“引发思考的，启发性的”，英文解释为“causing thought about interesting subjects”举个🌰：

The programme will take a detailed and provocative look at the problem of homelessness. 这个节目将以启发性的眼光详细审视无家可归这个问题。

And then there's the notion of catharsis: crying provides for relief from emotionally stressful situations. The idea is consistent not only with the words of Shakespeare, but with the Roman poet Ovid, who wrote: "It is a relief to weep; grief is satisfied and carried off by tears." The Greek philosopher Aristotle also wrote that crying "cleanses the mind". In a 1986 study of popular US magazines and newspapers, one psychologist found that 94% of articles about crying suggested that it helped to relieve psychological tension.

从情感宣泄的角度看，哭泣可以帮助人们减轻情绪压力。这种说法与莎士比亚和古罗马诗人奥维德（Ovid）留下的名言遥相呼应，后者曾经写道："哭泣是一种解脱；无论多大的悲痛都会随着眼泪流走。"古希腊哲学家亚里士多德（Aristotle）写道，哭泣"使意识清醒"。一项发布于1986年，专门分析美国杂志和报纸的论文记载道，一名心理学家发现，在所有写到哭泣的文章中，有94%的文章表示哭泣有助于缓解心理压力。

catharsis /kəˈθɑːsɪs/ 表示“情感的宣泄，精神净化（如通过写作、戏剧等活动或经历）”，英文解释为“the process of releasing strong emotions through a particular activity or experience, such as writing or theatre, in a way that helps you to understand those emotions”。

cleanse /klenz/ 1）表示“清洗；使清洁”，英文解释为“to make something completely clean”举个🌰：

Cleanse the cut/wound thoroughly before you bandage it. 打绷带之前要彻底清洗伤口。

2）表示“使（道德上）纯洁；使净化”，英文解释为“to make someone or something morally clean or pure”如：to cleanse the thoughts of our hearts 净化我们的心灵。

Indeed, a 2008 study of nearly 4,300 young adults from 30 countries found that most reported improvements in both their mental and physical wellbeing after a bout of crying, but not all. Some reported no change after a crying session, and some even said that they felt worse afterwards.

2008年，对来自30个国家的4,300名年轻人所做的一项调查发现，多数人在哭泣后都出现了精神和身体健康状况改善的情况，但是也并非人人如此。有些人在哭泣后健康状况没有发生变化，有人甚至说感觉更糟。

bout /baʊt/ 表示“（疾病的）发作；（某活动的）一段，一阵，一场”，英文解释为“a short period of illness or involvement in an activity”如：a bout of flu 一场流感。

The difference seems to lie in the social context: if a person felt embarrassed about crying in public, for example, they might feel less resolved than if they cried alone or with a single close friend. The study also found that when people tried to suppress or hide their crying, they also wound up feeling less relief afterwards.

答案可能要从社会角度找：例如，如果某人因为害怕尴尬而不敢在公共场所哭泣，就更有可能选择独自流泪或者在密友前哭泣。调查还发现，人们如果试图压制或者掩饰哭泣，他们就越不容易平复自己的悲伤情绪。

表示“压制；阻止；抑制”，英文解释为“to prevent sth from growing, developing or continuing”举个🌰：

The virus suppresses the body's immune system. 这种病毒会抑制人体的免疫系统。

wind (sth) up表示“（使）结束”，英文解释为“to end, or to make an activity end”举个🌰：

I think it's about time we wound this meeting up. 我看我们该结束这次会议了。

wind sth up还可以表示“关闭（企业或机构）；使停业”，英文解释为“to close a business or organization”举个🌰：

Lawyers were called in to wind up the company. 律师被请来对这家公司进行停业清理。

So the notion of having "a good cry" is not without merit, but it seems to necessitate the right kind of social support to be effective. Which means, in the end, that adults might just cry for much the same reason as human infants: to seek help from their friends and family.

这时，哭泣的价值就在于它能够争取到适当的社会支持。这意味着，归根到底，成人哭鼻子的原因和婴儿其实也没什么两样：同样是为了寻求来自亲友的帮助。

necessitate /nəˈses.ɪ.teɪt/ 表示“使成为必需；使成为必要”，英文解释为“to cause something to be needed, or to make something necessary”举个🌰：

An important meeting necessitates my being in Shanghai on Friday. 我星期五必须到上海去参加一个重要的会议。

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