柯林斯词典公布2023年度词汇：AI

近日，柯林斯词典（Collins Dictionary）公布了2023年度词汇：AI.

此外，de-influencing（拔草/反网红营销/反种草）、nepo baby（星二代/裙带宝宝）、canon event（织网事件/正统事件）、ultra-processed（超加工）、semaglutide（司美格鲁肽）、ULEZ（超低排放区）、greedflation（贪婪通胀）、debanking（去银行化）、Bazball（巴兹打法）等词汇，也入选2023年度热词榜单前十名。

🤔️小作业：

1. The selection of the word of the year by Collins is based on:

a) suggestions from the general public.

b) a fixed list of terms predetermined at the start of each year.

c) lexicographical analysis and monitoring of various communication channels.

d) annual polls conducted among linguists.

a) Corporations are the victims of market dynamics during inflationary periods.

b) The concept of inflation is generally misunderstood by the public.

c) Some businesses may exploit inflation as a pretext to inflate their profits.

d) Inflation is a purely economic phenomenon without human intervention.

无注释原文：

'AI' named most notable word of 2023 by Collins dictionary

From: The Guardian

The technology that is set to dominate the future – for good or ill – is now the word of the year. “AI” has been named the most notable word of 2023 by the dictionary publisher Collins.

Defined as “the modelling of human mental functions by computer programs”, AI was chosen because it “has accelerated at such a fast pace and become the dominant conversation of 2023”, the publisher said. The use of the word (strictly an initialism) has quadrupled over the past year.

It was chosen from a list of new terms that the publisher said reflect “our ever-evolving language and the concerns of those who use it”. They include “greedflation”, defined as “the use of inflation as an excuse to raise prices to artificially high levels in order to increase corporate profits”, and “debanking”, “the act of depriving a person of banking facilities”.

“Nepo baby”, the term used to describe the sons and daughters of celebrities whose careers are assumed to have taken off thanks to their famous parent, and “deinfluencing” made the list. “Deinfluencing” is defined by Collins lexicographers as “the use of social media to warn followers to avoid certain commercial products, lifestyle choices, etc”.

The annual word of the year is selected by lexicographers monitoring a range of sources, including social media, according to the publisher. Last year's term was “permacrisis”, while “NFT” was chosen the previous year. Perhaps unsurprisingly, 2020's word of the year was “lockdown”.

Health concerns were prominent in 2023, according to the publisher. “Ultra-processed”, meaning food that is “prepared using complex industrial methods from multiple ingredients, often including ingredients with little or no nutritional value”, is listed, as is “semaglutide”, the appetite-suppressing medication. The use of the term has tripled in the past year.

The acronym “Ulez” made the cut – the term meaning ultra-low emissions zone that refers to an area of central London in which more polluting vehicles are restricted.

“Bazball”, a style of test cricket in which the batting side plays in a highly aggressive manner, was noted by the dictionary, named after the former New Zealand cricketer and coach, Brendon “Baz” McCullum. The term “canon event”, “an episode that is essential to the formation of an individual's character or identity”, became popular thanks to the movie Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse.

Alex Beecroft, the managing director of Collins, said there was “no question” that AI had been “the talking point of 2023”.

“We know that AI has been a big focus this year in the way that it has developed and has quickly become as ubiquitous and embedded in our lives as email, streaming or any other once futuristic, now everyday technology.”

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

'AI' named most notable word of 2023 by Collins dictionary

From: The Guardian

The technology that is set to dominate the future – for good or ill – is now the word of the year. “AI” has been named the most notable word of 2023 by the dictionary publisher Collins.

无论好坏，这项即将主宰未来的技术现已被冠以年度词汇的称号。词典出版商柯林斯（Collins）宣布，“AI（人工智能）”成为2023年最引人注目的词汇。

dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ 表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

notable /ˈnəʊ.tə.bəl/ 表示“显要的；显著的；值得注意的”，英文解释为“important and deserving attention, because of being very good or interesting”如：a notable collection of rare plants 一批引人注目的奇花异草。

Defined as “the modelling of human mental functions by computer programs”, AI was chosen because it “has accelerated at such a fast pace and become the dominant conversation of 2023”, the publisher said. The use of the word (strictly an initialism) has quadrupled over the past year.

人工智能的定义是“通过计算机程序对人类心智功能进行建模”，该出版商表示，之所以入选，是因为它“发展速度极快，成为2023年的热议话题”。这个词汇（严格来说是首字母缩写词）的使用量在过去一年中翻了两番。

表示“给（尤指单词）下定义；说明，解释”，英文解释为“to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is”举个🌰：Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used)? 在回答你的问题之前，你能不能再解释一下你用词的意思？

initialism /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl.ɪ.zəm/ 表示“首字母缩略词”，英文解释为“an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as separate letters”举个🌰：LR is an initialism of LearnAndRecord.

quadruple /ˈkwɒdrʊpəl, -ˈdruːpəl/ 1）作动词，表示“（使）变为四倍”，英文解释为“to become four times bigger; to make sth four times bigger”举个🌰：Sales have quadrupled in the last five years. 过去五年中，销售额已增长至以前的四倍。

2）表示“大（或多）四倍”，英文解释为“four times as big”如：a quadruple measure 四倍大小；

3）表示“包括四部分（或四个人、四个地方等）的”，英文解释为“involving four parts, people, places, etc.”如：a quadruple fracture of his thumb 他的拇指四处骨折。

It was chosen from a list of new terms that the publisher said reflect “our ever-evolving language and the concerns of those who use it”. They include “greedflation”, defined as “the use of inflation as an excuse to raise prices to artificially high levels in order to increase corporate profits”, and “debanking”, “the act of depriving a person of banking facilities”.

这个词汇是从一系列新词中挑选出来的，这些新词据出版商表示，反映了语言的持续演变及使用者的关切点。其中包括“greedflation（贪婪通胀）”，其定义是以通货膨胀为借口人为地将价格提高到较高水平以增加企业利润的行为，以及“debanking（去银行化）”，意指剥夺个人使用银行服务的行为。

evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 表示“（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变，进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop sth in this way”举个🌰：The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer. 这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。

表示“通货膨胀”，英文解释为“a general, continuous increase in prices”如：high/low inflation 高/低通货膨胀。

deprive sb/sth of sth，表示“剥夺；使丧失；使不能享有”，英文解释为“to prevent sb from having or doing sth, especially sth important”举个🌰：You can't function properly when you're deprived of sleep. 如果被剥夺了睡眠，人体就无法正常工作。

“Nepo baby”, the term used to describe the sons and daughters of celebrities whose careers are assumed to have taken off thanks to their famous parent, and “deinfluencing” made the list. “ “Deinfluencing” is defined by Collins lexicographers as “the use of social media to warn followers to avoid certain commercial products, lifestyle choices, etc”.

“Nepo baby（星二代/裙带宝宝）”和“deinfluencing（拔草/反网红营销/反种草）”也上榜了。“Nepo baby”用来指那些似乎因拥有名人父母而一帆风顺的名人子女，而柯林斯（Collins）的词典编撰者将“deinfluencing”定义为通过社交媒体劝告粉丝避开某些商业产品、生活方式选择等。

nepo是nepotism的简称，nepotism /ˈnep.ə.tɪ.zəm/ 表示“任人唯亲;裙带关系”，英文解释为“the act of using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own family”举个🌰：She was guilty of nepotism and corruption. 她任人唯亲且贪污腐化。

表示“突然开始成功；开始走红，流行起来”，英文解释为“to suddenly start to be successful or popular”举个🌰：Her singing career had just begun to take off. 她的歌唱事业刚刚起飞。

lexicographer /ˌleksɪˈkɒɡrəfə(r)/ 表示“词典编纂者”，英文解释为“a person who writes and edits dictionaries”

The annual word of the year is selected by lexicographers monitoring a range of sources, including social media, according to the publisher. Last year's term was “permacrisis”, while “NFT” was chosen the previous year. Perhaps unsurprisingly, 2020's word of the year was “lockdown”.

据出版商称，年度词汇是由词典编纂者通过监测包括社交媒体在内的一系列来源选出的。去年的年度词汇是“permacrisis（长期危机）”，而前年的年度词汇是“NFT（非同质化代币）”。2020年的年度词汇是“lockdown（封锁）”，这或许并不令人意外。

表示“监视；检查；跟踪调查”，英文解释为“to watch and check sth over a period of time in order to see how it develops, so that you can make any necessary changes”举个🌰：Each student's progress is closely monitored. 每一位同学的学习情况都受到密切的关注。

Health concerns were prominent in 2023, according to the publisher. “Ultra-processed”, meaning food that is “prepared using complex industrial methods from multiple ingredients, often including ingredients with little or no nutritional value”, is listed, as is “semaglutide”, the appetite-suppressing medication. The use of the term has tripled in the past year.

据出版商介绍，2023年的健康问题十分突出。“Ultra-processed（超加工）”和“semaglutide（司美格鲁肽）”入选了。“Ultra-processed”是指食品“由复杂的工业方法用多种成分制备而成，其中通常包括营养价值很小或没有营养价值的成分”。“Semaglutide”是一种抑制食欲的药物。在过去一年这个词的使用量增加了两倍。

1）表示“重要的；著名的；杰出的”，英文解释为“important or well known”举个🌰：He played a prominent part in the campaign. 他在这次运动中发挥了重要作用。

2）表示“突出的，显眼的”，英文解释为“Something that is in a prominent position can easily be seen.”举个🌰：New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the store. 新书陈列在商店前面桌子上的一个显眼位置。

1）表示“（成功的）要素，因素”，英文解释为“one of the parts of something successful”举个🌰：Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage. 信任是婚姻幸福的重要因素。

2）表示“（尤指烹调用的）原料”，英文解释为“Ingredients are the things that are used to make something, especially all the different foods you use when you are cooking a particular dish.”举个🌰：Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries. 椰子是多种咖喱菜的基本成分。

appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ 1）表示“食欲；胃口”，英文解释为“physical desire for food”举个🌰：He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite. 他头痛且食欲不振。

2）表示“强烈欲望”，英文解释为“a strong desire for sth”举个🌰：The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal. 公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。

表示“压制；阻止；抑制”，英文解释为“to prevent sth from growing, developing or continuing”举个🌰：The virus suppresses the body's immune system. 这种病毒会抑制人体的免疫系统。

medication /ˌmed.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“药物，药剂”，英文解释为“a medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs, used to improve a particular condition or illness”举个🌰：He is currently on/taking medication for his heart. 目前他正在服用治疗心脏病的药物。

表示“（使）成三倍，（使）增加两倍”，英文解释为“to increase three times in size or amount, or to make something do this”举个🌰：We have tripled our output over the past two years. 过去两年里，我们的产量增加了两倍。（＝成为原来的三倍）

The acronym “Ulez” made the cut – the term meaning ultra-low emissions zone that refers to an area of central London in which more polluting vehicles are restricted.

“Ulez（超低排放区）”这个缩写词也入选了，它指的是伦敦市中心限制重污染车辆通行的一个区域，

acronym /ˈæk.rə.nɪm/表示“首字母缩拼词，首字母组合词，首字母缩略词”，英文解释为“an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word”举个🌰：AIDS is an acronym for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". AIDS （艾滋病）是 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome（获得性免疫缺损综合征）的首字母缩拼词。

📍Acronym和initialism都是由首字母缩写形成的词，但它们之间有一个主要的区别：Acronym（首字母缩略词）：可以作为一个单词来发音。例如：NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国国家航空航天局），它读作 /ˈnæsə/，像一个单词一样。而Initialism（字母缩略词）：同样由一系列单词的首字母组成，但每个字母都单独发音，而不是合成一个单词的发音。例如：FBI（Federal Bureau of Investigation，美国联邦调查局），它读作 /ˌɛfˈbiːˈaɪ/，每个字母分开发音。

📍简而言之，如果你将缩写作为一个单词来发音，那么它是一个acronym；如果你逐个字母发音，那么它是一个initialism。

“Bazball”, a style of test cricket in which the batting side plays in a highly aggressive manner, was noted by the dictionary, named after the former New Zealand cricketer and coach, Brendon “Baz” McCullum. The term “canon event”, “an episode that is essential to the formation of an individual's character or identity”, became popular thanks to the movie Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse.

“Bazball（巴兹打法）”一词也被提名，该词以新西兰前板球运动员兼教练布兰登·“巴兹”·麦卡勒姆的名字命名，指的是一种板球对抗赛的打法，击球方以极具攻击性的方式进行比赛。而“canon event（织网事件/正统事件）”一词，也就是对个人性格或身份形成至关重要的事件，因电影《蜘蛛侠：纵横宇宙》而流行起来。

batting /ˈbæt.ɪŋ/ 1）表示“（板球）轮到某队击球”，英文解释为“(the part of the game) when you bat (= it is your team's turn to hit the ball) in cricket”举个🌰：The England captain opened the batting (= batted first). 英格兰的队长首先开始击球。

2）表示“（被子、床垫中的）软填料”，英文解释为“cotton or woollen wadding used in quilts, mattresses, etc”

aggressive /əˈɡres.ɪv/ 1）表示“好斗的；挑衅的；侵略的”，英文解释为“angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack”；

2）表示“气势汹汹的；声势浩大的；志在必得的；积极进取的；有冲劲的；雄心勃勃的”，英文解释为“acting with force and determination in order to succeed”如：an aggressive advertising campaign 一场声势浩大的广告宣传活动。

cricketer /ˈkrɪk.ɪ.tər/ 表示“板球运动员”，英文解释为“a cricket player”

在电视/电影节目中，episode表示“一集，一节，片断”（one of the single parts into which a story is divided, especially when it is broadcast on the television or radio），也可以指“事件；（相关的）一连串事件；一段经历”，英文解释为“a single event or group of related events”举个🌰：This latest episode in the fraud scandal has shocked a lot of people. 诈骗丑闻最新爆出的这一事件让很多人瞠目结舌。

还可以指「疾病的发作，发病」，英文解释为：a finite period in which someone is affected by a specified illness.

补充：

📍第几集用的是Episode，第几季则为Season. 你下载美剧时可能就会看到S01E02，就是指的第1季第2集。最后一集 finale：the last part of a piece of music or of a show, event etc （演出的）终场，最后一幕；（音乐的）终曲；（事件等的）结尾。

🎬还有，看剧时新一集开头通常会有的一个说法：previously on ...，...的前情提要，前情回顾。

Alex Beecroft, the managing director of Collins, said there was “no question” that AI had been “the talking point of 2023”.

柯林斯（Collins）总经理亚历克斯·比克罗夫特（Alex Beecroft）表示，“毫无疑问”，AI已成为2023年的核心话题。

talking point /ˈtɔː.kɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt/ 表示“论题，话题”，英文解释为“something that encourages discussion”

“We know that AI has been a big focus this year in the way that it has developed and has quickly become as ubiquitous and embedded in our lives as email, streaming or any other once futuristic, now everyday technology.”

“我们知道，AI一直是今年的一大热点，其发展和普及速度十分惊人，它已经变得和电子邮件、流媒体或其他一度看似遥不可及、如今却成为日常的技术一样，成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。”

ubiquitous /juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/表示“无所不在的”，英文解释为“If you describe something or someone as ubiquitous, you mean that they seem to be everywhere.”举个🌰：Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days. 如今好像到处都是咖啡馆。

意思相近的一个形容词：

📍pervasive表示“到处存在的，到处弥漫着的，遍布的”，英文解释为“Something, especially something bad, that is pervasive is present or felt throughout a place or thing.”如：the pervasive influence of mobile phones in daily life 手机在日常生活中无处不在的影响。

embedded /ɪmˈbed.ɪd/ 1）表示“嵌入（或插入、埋入）…之中的”，英文解释为“fixed into the surface of something”举个🌰：The thorn was embedded in her thumb. 刺扎进了她的大拇指。

2）表示“（感情、态度等）深切的；根深蒂固的；强烈感受到的”，英文解释为“If an emotion, opinion, etc. is embedded in someone or something, it is a very strong or important part of him, her, or it.”举个🌰：A sense of guilt was deeply embedded in my conscience. 一种负罪感在我内心打下了深深的烙印。

futuristic /ˌfjuː.tʃəˈrɪs.tɪk/ 表示“未来派的；超前新奇的”，英文解释为“strange and very modern, or intended or seeming to come from some imagined time in the future”举个🌰：A futuristic car was on display at the auto show. 车展上展出了一辆超前新奇的汽车。

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