“网络暴力”何时休?

LearnAndRecord 2022-07-26

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在现代社会中，社交网络将人们连接在一起，但诽谤中伤等网络暴力现象也成为日益严重的社会问题。

无注释原文：

Cyberbullying and Its Implications for Human Rights

United Nations

Liam Hackett

Digital identity is a relatively new concept, so there is no real precedent to follow regarding the integration of technology into our daily lives and ways to distinguish between our online and offline personas. While the Internet is a powerful tool that can be used to connect like-minded people and communities, it is also often used as a platform to defame, harass and abuse people within the sanctuary of their own homes.

Research suggests that up to 7 in 10 young people have experienced online abuse at some point. The term ‘cyberbullying’ is often treated as a distinct phenomenon, but it is an extension of bullying, which is an age-old problem. Bullying taps into societal undertones of prejudice and discrimination and often impacts people with protected characteristics of race, religion, sexuality, gender identity and disability the most.

Traditionally, bullying was often exclusively confined to the educational environment, with one’s home being a safe haven. Today, however, it is possible for a young person to be bullied not only at school but also in the family car or at home, alone in their bedroom, and even in clear sight of their parents or guardians without those adults ever being aware. With communication technology being so integral to modern living, some young people have very little opportunity to escape the abuse, and many remain in a constant state of stress and anxiety. One in three victims of bullying have self-harmed as a result, and 1 in 10 has attempted suicide.

It is consistently found that approximately one in two young people who experience bullying never tell anyone out of fear, embarrassment or a lack of faith in support systems. Abuse, whether it be online or offline, plays havoc with the mental and physical health of young people and generates additional surges of stress.

Over a four-year period, from the analysis of 19 million tweets, a Ditch the Label and Brandwatch report found that there were almost 5 million cases of misogyny on Twitter alone. Fifty-two per cent of the misogynistic insults recorded were authored by women and typically targeted the appearance, intelligence and sexual preferences of other women. The report found 7.7 million cases of racism, 390,296 instances of homophobia and 19,348 transphobic messages sent on Twitter. Only public data was examined, so when the figures are extrapolated from the entire Internet to include both public and private communication channels, the level of online hate speech is overwhelming.

The Internet poses unique challenges in terms of abuse. For instance, there are no geographical restrictions to membership or communication; it is now possible for someone to receive abuse beyond their own offline community. Cyberbullying often suppresses the dignity of recipients in an incredibly public way, where others are able to contribute to and validate the ridicule by liking, responding to and sharing abusive content.

Not all cyberbullying is instigated by people who know the recipient; it is often sent anonymously, which can have further implications on the validation of abuse received offline, too. Anonymous bullying can greatly undermine the confidence and sense of safety for those receiving it because it is difficult to prove without the intervention of authorities where the abuse originated. It can create paranoia and often be more powerful than abuse from someone the person knows.

A world that is truly fair and equal requires a culture of respect and mutual understanding. An interconnected world requires communication standards to which all adhere. With that goal in mind, we still have a long journey ahead of us.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为联合国官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Cyberbullying and Its Implications for Human Rights

United Nations

Liam Hackett

网络身份是一个相对较新的概念，因此，关于如何将科技融入我们的日常生活，以及如何区分我们的在线和离线角色，并没有可参考的先例。尽管互联网是一个强大的工具，许多志同道合的人或社群可以通过互联网彼此联系，但它也经常成为诋毁、骚扰和辱骂上网者的平台，即使这些上网者身在自己的家中也无法幸免。

cyberbully

表示“网络欺凌”，英文解释为“someone who uses the internet to harm or frighten another person, especially by sending them unpleasant messages”.

implications

通常复数，表示“可能的影响；可能的后果”，英文解释为“the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future”举个🌰：

The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department.

公司正在削减开支，真不知道这将会对我们部门产生什么影响。

precedent

表示“先例，前例”，英文解释为“an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made”举个🌰：

There are several precedents for promoting people who don't have formal qualifications.

提拔没有正式学历的人是有几个先例的。

regarding

表示“关于；至于”，英文解释为“about”举个🌰：

The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy.

该公司的用人政策正受到质疑。

persona

表示“（同本人真实品格不一致的）表面形象，表象人格”，英文解释为“the particular type of character that a person seems to have and that is often different from their real or private character”举个🌰：

He had a shy, retiring side to his personality that was completely at odds with his public persona.

他性格里有害羞内向的一面，这和他的公众形象极不相符。

like-minded

表示“意见相同的，想法一致的；兴趣相投的”，英文解释为“People who are described as like-minded share the same opinions, ideas, or interests.”举个🌰：A dedicated football fan herself, she started the magazine for like-minded women.

作为一位忠实的足球迷，她为兴趣相投的女性创办了这份杂志。

defame

表示“诋毁，中伤，败坏…的名誉”，英文解释为“to damage the reputation of a person or group by saying or writing bad things about them that are not true”举个🌰：

He claimed the editorial had defamed him.

他声称那篇社论损害了他的名誉。

harass

harass /ˈhærəs, həˈræs/ 表示“骚扰”，英文解释为“If someone harasses you, they trouble or annoy you, for example by attacking you repeatedly or by causing you as many problems as they can.”举个🌰：

A woman reporter complained one of them sexually harassed her in the locker room.

一名女记者抱怨说，他们当中的一个在更衣室里对她进行了性骚扰。

🎬电影《拜见岳父大人3》（Little Fockers）中的台词提到：Don't be mad. I totally don't want to harass you.不要生气我不是要来骚扰你。

sanctuary

sanctuary /ˈsæŋk.tʃu.er.i/ 1）表示“庇护，保护；避难所，庇护所”，英文解释为“protection or a safe place, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted”

2）表示“禁猎区，鸟兽保护区”，英文解释为“a place where birds or animals can live and be protected, especially from being hunted or dangerous conditions”如：a wildlife/bird sanctuary 野生动物/鸟类保护区。

研究结果表明，多达7/10的青年曾遭受过网络暴力。“网络欺凌”这个概念经常被视为一种特殊的现象，但实际上它是欺凌这一老问题的延伸。欺凌来自社会中潜在的偏见和歧视，对那些具有种族、宗教、性、性别认同和残疾等受保护特性的人影响最大。

bully

表示“伤害；胁迫；欺负，欺凌”，英文解释为“to hurt or frighten someone who is smaller or less powerful than you, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do”举个🌰：

Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school.

我们的调查表明，有四分之一的孩子在学校受人欺负。

age-old

表示“古老的；由来已久的”，英文解释为“very old”如：an age-old story of love and betrayal 关于爱和背叛的古老故事。

tap into

表示“利用，开发，发掘（已有的资源、知识等）”，英文解释为“to make use of a source of energy, knowledge, etc. that already exists”举个🌰：

The movie seems to tap into a general sentimentality about animals.

这部电影似乎在激发人们对动物的普遍怜惜之情。

undertone

表示“蕴涵的感情（或特质、意思）；寓意；弦外之音”，英文解释为“a feeling, quality or meaning that is not expressed directly but is still noticeable from what sb says or does”举个🌰：

His soft words contained an undertone of warning.

他温和的话中蕴涵着警告之意。

传统观点认为，欺凌只发生在教育环境内，而家是安全的避风港。如今，青年不仅可能在学校遭受欺凌，在自家的汽车里或自己家中，甚至是在卧室中独处时，都可能遭受欺凌，在他们在父母或监护人的眼皮底下遭受欺凌，他们的父母或监护人却可能不会察觉。由于通讯技术在现代生活中不可或缺，有些青年几乎没有机会躲过欺凌，因此，许多人持续感到压力和焦虑。欺凌受害者中，有1/3的人因此自残，有1/10的人曾尝试过自杀。

be confined to

表示“仅存在于…；仅限于…”，英文解释为“to exist only in a particular area or group of people”举个🌰：

We know that the illness is not confined to any one group in society.

我们知道这种疾病不只局限于社会的某一个群体中。

haven

haven /ˈheɪvən/ 表示“安全的地方；保护区；避难所”，英文解释为“a place that is safe and peaceful where people or animals are protected”，注意和heaven /ˈhevn/ 天堂的区别，举个🌰：

The garden was a haven from the noise and bustle of the city.

这个花园是块远离喧嚣都市的静地。

suicide

表示“自杀；自杀者”，英文解释为“the act of killing yourself intentionally, or a person who has done this”如：to attempt/commit suicide 企图自杀/自杀，举个🌰：

The suicide rate among men between the ages of 16 and 25 has risen alarmingly.

16至25岁之间男性的自杀率攀升速度令人担忧。

多项调查一致表明，约1/2的青年在遭受欺凌后会因恐惧、难堪或信仰不足，从未将欺凌之事告诉他人。无论是线上欺凌，还是线下欺凌，都会严重损害青年的身心健康，带来急剧增加的额外压力。

havoc

havoc /ˈhævək/ 作名词，表示“破坏，毁坏；混乱”，英文解释为“confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble”举个🌰：

The delay played (= caused) havoc with their travel arrangements.

误点打乱了他们的旅行安排。

surge

1）作动词，表示“急剧上升；飞涨；剧增”，英文解释为“If something surges, it increases suddenly and greatly, after being steady or developing only slowly.”举个🌰：

The company's profits have surged.

公司的利润激增。

2）作名词，表示“剧增”，英文解释为“A surge is a sudden large increase in something that has previously been steady, or has only increased or developed slowly.”举个🌰：

An unexpected surge in electrical power caused the computer to crash.

突然出现的电压剧增导致电脑死机。

🎬电影《雷神2：黑暗世界》（Thor: The Dark World）中的台词提到：But she will not survive the amount of energy surging within her. 但她体内涌动的能量太大她撑不住的。

“消除标签”组织（Ditch the Label）和布兰德沃奇公司（Brandwatch）花四年时间分析了1900万条推文的内容，分析报告显示，仅在推特上就有近500万条有关厌恶女性的言论，其中52%来自于女性推特用户，而言论通常针对其他女性的外貌、智力和性偏好。该报告还发现，在推特上有770万条涉及种族主义的言论，还有390296条恐同言论和19348条恐跨症言论。3上述结果仅仅是基于对公共网络数据的分析，因此，包括公共和私人信道在内的全因特网仇恨言论的数量必定是十分惊人的。

misogyny

misogyny /mɪˈsɒdʒɪnɪ/表示“厌女症，嫌忌女人”，英文解释为“feelings of hating women, or the belief that men are much better than women”.

📍相反：

misandry /ˈmɪsəndrɪ/ 表示“厌恶男人，憎恨男人”（feelings of hating men）

📺美剧《新闻编辑室》（The Newsroom）第一季中的台词提到：that might get an argument started about misogyny? 以引起一场厌女热潮。

insult

表示“侮辱；辱骂”，英文解释为“an offensive remark or action”举个🌰：

She made several insults about my appearance.

她说了几句侮辱我长相的话。

homophobia

homophobia /ˌhoʊ.məˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ 表示“对同性恋的恐惧（或厌恶）”，英文解释为“a fear or dislike of gay people”.

transphobic

transphobic /trænsˈfoʊ.bik/ 由transphobia /trænsˈfoʊ.bi.ə/「对跨性别者的恐惧或厌恶」转变而来，表示“跨性别恐惧症（的）”，英文解释为“relating to transphobia (= a fear or dislike of people who feel that they are not the same gender as the one they had or were said to have at birth)”。

📺美剧《神烦警探》（Brooklyn Nine-Nine）中的台词提到：And it only gets overtly transphobic at the very end, 只有在结尾的时候才展现出对跨性别人群的恐惧。

extrapolate

extrapolate /ɪkˈstræp.ə.leɪt/ 表示“推断；推知”，英文解释为“to guess or think about what might happen using information that is already known”举个🌰：

You can't really extrapolate a trend from such a small sample.

你不能仅凭这样一件小小的样品就推断出潮流真正的发展趋势。

overwhelming

overwhelming /ˌəʊvəˈwɛlmɪŋ/ 1）表示“难以抵挡的；无法抗拒的；强悍而令人难以应对的”，英文解释为“difficult to fight against”举个🌰：

She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.

她感到有一种抑制不住的冲动/欲望/需要想告诉别人所发生的事情。

2）表示“巨大的，极大的；（数量上）压倒性的”，英文解释为“You can use overwhelming to emphasize that an amount or quantity is much greater than other amounts or quantities.”举个🌰：

An overwhelming majority has voted in favour of the proposal.

绝大多数的人投票赞成该提议。

互联网带来了独特的挑战。例如，网民来自四面八方，交流也没有地理限制。换句话说，人们可能受到各自线下社区之外的欺凌。网络欺凌通常以一种极其公开的方式，打击受欺凌者的尊严，而网络交流参与者点赞、评论和分享欺凌内容的行为，也会推波助澜。

beyond

表示“（范围）超出…；超过…”，英文解释为“outside or after (a stated limit)”举个🌰：

We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year.

我们不能允许这项工作延续到下一年。

suppress

表示“压制；阻止；抑制”，英文解释为“to prevent sth from growing, developing or continuing”举个🌰：

The virus suppresses the body's immune system.

这种病毒会抑制人体的免疫系统。

validate

1）表示“（尤指经检查后）批准，认可，使生效”，英文解释为“to make something officially acceptable or approved, especially after examining it”举个🌰：It is a one-year course validated by London's City University.

这是由伦敦城市大学批准设立的一年制课程。

2）表示“证实…是对的”，英文解释为“to prove that something is correct”举个🌰：

He feels that today's economic problems validate his opposition to the policy.

他觉得目前的经济问题说明他反对这项政策是对的。

ridicule

表示“嘲笑；奚落；戏弄”，英文解释为“unkind words or actions that make someone or something look stupid”举个🌰：

She was treated with scorn and ridicule by her colleagues when she applied for the job.

她申请那份工作时，受到了同事们的嘲弄和奚落。

有时，网络欺凌者根本就不认识被欺凌者；在很多情况下，欺凌信息都以匿名形式发送，因此确认网上欺凌更为困难。如果没有管理机构干预，是很难找到欺凌的始作俑者的。所以，匿名欺凌会大大打击受欺凌者的信心，降低他们的安全感，使受欺凌者变得偏执多疑。通常，相比于来自熟人的欺凌，匿名欺凌产生的负面影响要大的多。

instigate

表示“促使发生；发起”，英文解释为“to cause an event or situation to happen by making a set of actions or a formal process begin”举个🌰：

The government will instigate new measures to combat terrorism.

政府将采取新措施打击恐怖主义。

undermine

表示“（常指逐渐地）削弱信心、权威等，损害”，英文解释为“to make someone less confident, less powerful, or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often gradually”举个🌰：

Criticism just undermines their confidence.

批评只是削弱了他们的信心。

intervention

表示“干涉，介入”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation.”

paranoia

paranoia /ˌper.əˈnɔɪ.ə/ 1）表示“疑神疑鬼，多疑”，英文解释为“an extreme and unreasonable feeling that other people do not like you or are going to harm or criticize you”举个🌰：

There's a lot of paranoia about crime at the moment.

现在人们十分多疑，总是害怕会有犯罪发生。

2）表示“患妄想症的人；偏执狂”，英文解释为“Someone who has paranoia has unreasonable false beliefs as a part of another mental illness, for example schizophrenia”.

建设真正公平、平等的世界，需要相互尊重和相互理解的文化。只有所有人遵守沟通的准则，才能实现互联的世界。要实现这个目标，我们还有很长的路要走。

adhere to

表示“坚持；遵守；忠于”，英文解释为“to continue to obey a rule or have a belief”举个🌰：

They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement.

他们没有遵守协议的条款。

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