今年没参加高考的，请进！

有个段子说的，为什么每年高考讨论最激烈的都是语文作文，大家怎么不讨论点数学最后一道大题？讨论点英语？因为除了作文，其他的都看不懂了

是这样吗？我们今天就一起来看看，2022年高考英语阅读真题。看你还会不会做？

以下材料选自新高考I卷英语 第二部分 阅读D篇。

Humans couldn't pronounce 'f' and 'v' sounds before farming developed

NewScientist

14 March 2019

Human speech contains more than 2000 different sounds, from the ubiquitous “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year investigation shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago, the linguist Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has pinpointed how and why this trend arose.

They found that the upper and lower incisors of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite correlated with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point, which led to changes in human jaws and teeth: for instance, because it takes less pressure to chew softer, farmed foods, the jawbone doesn’t have to do as much work and so doesn’t grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic era, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing dramatically in recent millennia. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the prevailing view that all human speech sounds were present when Homo sapiens evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the emergence of our species, but rather the immense diversity of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of factors involving biological change and cultural evolution,” said team member Steven Moran, a linguist at the University of Zurich, at a briefing about this study.

This new approach to studying language evolution is a game changer, says Sean Roberts at the University of Bristol, UK. “For the first time, we can look at patterns in global data and spot new relationships between the way we speak and the way we live,” he says. “It’s an exciting time to be a linguist.”

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?

A. Its variety.

B. Its distribution.

C. Its quantity.

D. Its development.

33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods.

D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A. It is key to effective communication.

B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system.

D. It drives the evolution of human beings.

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注：英文文本较真题内容有所改编；中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Humans couldn't pronounce 'f' and 'v' sounds before farming developed

NewScientist

14 March 2019

Human speech contains more than 2000 different sounds, from the ubiquitous “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year investigation shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

人类语音包含2000多种不同的声音，从无处不在的“m”和“a”到一些非洲南部语言中罕见的倒吸气音。但为什么某些声音比其他声音更常见？一项为期五年的突破性调查显示，人类咬合中与饮食有关的变化导致了新的语音产生，现在世界上一半的语言中都有这种语音。

ubiquitous表示“无所不在的”，英文解释为“If you describe something or someone as ubiquitous, you mean that they seem to be everywhere.”举个🌰：

Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.

如今好像到处都是咖啡馆。

意思相近的一个形容词：

📍pervasive表示“到处存在的，到处弥漫着的，遍布的”，英文解释为“Something, especially something bad, that is pervasive is present or felt throughout a place or thing.”如：the pervasive influence of mobile phones in daily life 手机在日常生活中无处不在的影响。

ground-breaking可以解释为“开辟新天地的，独创的，开拓性的，里程碑性的”，英文解释为“You use groundbreaking to describe things which you think are significant because they provide new and positive ideas, and influence the way people think about things.” 如：groundbreaking research 开拓性的研究。

如何识别自恋型人格的人？文中提到，click作动词，熟词僻义，表示“成为朋友；受欢迎”，英文解释为“to become friendly or popular”举个🌰：

She and I really clicked the first time we met.

她和我一见如故。

此处也是熟词僻义，作名词，尤见于非洲南部某些语言的“吸气音”（a speech sound made by pressing the tongue against the top of the mouth or the part of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, then releasing it quickly, causing air to be sucked in. Clicks are found especially in southern African languages.）

More than 30 years ago, the linguist Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has pinpointed how and why this trend arose.

30多年前，语言学家查尔斯·哈克特（Charles Hockett）注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃稀软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，由瑞士苏黎世大学（University of Zurich）的达米安·布拉西（Damián Blasi）带领的一个研究团队已经确定了这一趋势是如何产生的以及为什么产生的。

表示“语言学家，语言学者；通晓数国语言的人”，英文解释为“someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them very well, or someone who teaches or studies linguistics”。

labiodental /ˌleɪ.bi.əʊˈden.təl/ 表示“唇齿音的”，英文解释为“a consonant sound in which the lips touch the teeth”举个🌰：

/f/ and /v/are labiodentals.

/f/和/v/都是唇齿音。

表示“查明，准确地说出，描述（事实真相）”，英文解释为“to discover or explain exactly the real facts about something or the cause of a problem”举个🌰：

It’s difficult to pinpoint the cause of the accident.

事故原因很难查明。

表示“发生；产生；出现”，英文解释为“to happen”举个🌰：

Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to Beijing.

要是有机会的话，我很想去北京。

They found that the upper and lower incisors of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to produce such sounds.

他们发现，远古成年人的上下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，而唇齿音是通过将下唇与上牙接触而形成的。后来，我们的上下颌变成了覆咬合结构，使我们更容易发出这种声音。

incisor /ɪnˈsaɪ.zər/ 表示“切牙，门齿”，英文解释为“one of the sharp teeth at the front of the mouth that cut food when you bite into it”

1）表示“排整齐；校准；（尤指）使成一条直线”，英文解释为“to arrange sth in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to sth else, especially in a straight line”举个🌰：

Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.

务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。 

2）表示“使一致”，英文解释为“to change sth slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to sth else”举个🌰：

Prices have been aligned with those in world markets.

价格已调整到与世界市场一致。

jaw /dʒɔː/ 表示“颌；颚”，英文解释为“either of the two bones at the bottom of the face that contain the teeth and move when you talk or eat”，如：the top/upper jaw 上颌，the bottom/lower jaw 下颌；

直接表示“下颌，下巴”，英文解释为“the lower part of your face that moves when you open your mouth”，有个词叫jaw-dropping，字面意思就是下巴掉下来，令人震惊，令人惊愕。

📍何同学采访苹果CEO库克文中就提到：Regarding the new ‌Apple Silicon‌ Macs, Cook called the performance of the M1 chip "jaw-dropping," and that "it screams. It's so fast." 关于新的苹果硅Mac，库克称M1芯片的性能“令人惊叹”，“它的速度极快”。

表示“（牙齿）覆咬合”，英文解释为“the position of the teeth in which the upper teeth go over the lower teeth when a person bites the teeth together, or the degree to which the upper teeth are in front of the lower teeth”

The team showed that this change in bite correlated with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point, which led to changes in human jaws and teeth: for instance, because it takes less pressure to chew softer, farmed foods, the jawbone doesn’t have to do as much work and so doesn’t grow to be so large.

研究团队表明，这种咬合的变化与新石器时代的农业发展有关。食物在此时变得更容易咀嚼，这导致了人类上下颌和牙齿的变化：例如，由于咀嚼较软食物所需的压力较小，颌骨的工作大为减轻，因此不会长到那么大。

Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ 表示“新石器时代的”，英文解释为“relating to the period when humans used tools and weapons made of stone and had just developed farming”。

表示“咀嚼；嚼碎”，英文解释为“to crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so that it can be swallowed”举个🌰：

This meat is difficult to chew.

这肉很难嚼。

表示“（下）颌骨”，英文解释为“the bone that forms the shape of the lower part of the face”

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic era, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing dramatically in recent millennia. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

对一个语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球性的变化，“f”和“v”的使用在最近几千年里急剧增加。这些声音在今天许多游猎采集民族的语言中仍然没有发现。

millennia 是 millennium /mɪˈlɛnɪəm/ 的复数形式，表示“一千年，千周年；千周年纪念日”，英文解释为“a period of 1,000 years, or the time when a period of 1,000 years ends”。

表示“采猎者，狩猎采集者（指靠野生动植物为生的部族成员）”，英文解释为“a member of a society that lives by hunting and collecting wild food, rather than by farming”

This research overturns the prevailing view that all human speech sounds were present when Homo sapiens evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the emergence of our species, but rather the immense diversity of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of factors involving biological change and cultural evolution,” said team member Steven Moran, a linguist at the University of Zurich, at a briefing about this study.

这项研究推翻了普遍的观点，即所有的人类语音在大约30万年前智人进化时就已经存在。团队成员苏黎世大学的语言学家史蒂文·莫兰（Steven Moran）在关于这项研究的详情介绍上说：“自从我们的物种出现以来，我们使用的一套语音并不一定保持稳定，相反，我们今天发现的巨大的语音多样性是涉及生物变化和文化进化的复杂因素相互作用的产物。”

表示“（使）翻倒，（使）倾覆；打翻”，英文解释为“if you overturn something, or if it overturns, it turns upside down or falls over on its side”举个🌰：

His conviction was overturned by the Court of Appeal.

他的有罪裁决被上诉法院推翻了。

📺英剧《唐顿庄园》（Downton Abbey）第三季中的台词提到：Even then, would we have enough to overturn the verdict? 即使拿到证词，就真能推翻判决吗？

表示“普遍的；盛行的；流行的”，英文解释为“existing or most common at a particular time”如：the prevailing attitude 普遍的观点，the prevailing culture 主流文化。

🎬电影《美国队长2：冬日战士》（Captain America: The Winter Soldier）中的台词提到：The prevailing theory was that the hijacking was a cover for the acquisition and sale of classified intelligence. 大部分人的看法是劫持事件只是在掩盖机密情报的交易。

Homo sapiens /ˌhəʊ.məʊ ˈsæp.i.enz/ 表示“人类；智人”，英文解释为“modern humans considered together as a species”

Homo /ˈhəʊ.məʊ/ 表示“（生物属名）人属（包括现代人和其他已灭绝的人种）”，英文解释为“the genus (= biological group) that includes modern humans and other extinct human species”举个🌰：

The tools might have been made by an as-yet-undiscovered early species of the genus Homo.

这些工具可能是由现在尚未发现的早期人类制造的。

表示“（使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually”举个🌰：

The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.

该公司在数年内逐步发展成为一个拥有数百万美元资产的大企业。

immense /ɪˈmɛns/表示“极大的；巨大的；无限的”，英文解释为“extremely large or great in size or degree”，如：immense wealth/value 巨大的财富/价值，an immense amount of work  to be done 大量工作要做。

表示“多样性，多样化”，英文解释为“the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of different things or people”举个🌰：

Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country?

电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？

表示“相互影响，相互作用”，英文解释为“the effect that two or more things have on each other”举个🌰：

Our personalities result from the complex interplay between our genes and our environment.

我们的个性是基因与环境之间复杂的相互影响的结果。

This new approach to studying language evolution is a game changer, says Sean Roberts at the University of Bristol, UK. “For the first time, we can look at patterns in global data and spot new relationships between the way we speak and the way we live,” he says. “It’s an exciting time to be a linguist.”

英国布里斯托尔大学（University of Bristol）的肖恩·罗伯茨（Sean Roberts）说，这种研究语言进化的新方法在很大程度上改变了现状。“我们第一次可以观察全球数据的模式，发现我们说话的方式和我们生活的方式之间的新关系，”他说。“作为一名语言学家，这是一个令人兴奋的时代。”

1）表示“在很大程度上改变一场比赛结果的人（或事）”，英文解释为“something or someone that affects the result of a game very much”举个🌰：

As a player he can be a game changer.

作为队员他可以是一名改变比赛结果的人。

2）表示“在很大程度上改变形势（或商业领域）的产品（或事件）”，英文解释为“something such as a product or event that affects a situation or area of business very much”举个🌰：

The hit show has been a game changer for the network.

这一热门节目很大程度上改变了这家电视网络。

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