霍乱到底是什么病？

7月9日晚，湖北省武汉市武昌区疾控中心接医院报告，武汉大学出现一例感染性腹泻病例，以呕吐腹泻为主，伴低热，血清学凝集试验为O139阳性。

经省市区三级疾控中心复核，该病例的血清学凝集试验为O139阳性，诊断为霍乱，毒力基因阴性。患者经有效诊治，病情已得到控制，症状已消失。相关人员已进行采样检测和跟踪管理，相关场所已进行临时封控管理和消毒处置，目前未发现新增病例。

无注释原文：

Cholera

From: Mayo Clinic

◎ Overview

Cholera is a bacterial disease that usually spreads through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.

Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. The risk of a cholera epidemic is the highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.

Cholera is easily treated. Death from severe dehydration can be prevented with a simple and inexpensive rehydration solution.

◎ Symptoms

Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don't become ill and don't know they've been infected. But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water.

Most cases of cholera that cause symptoms cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other problems. Others develop more-serious signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection.

Symptoms of cholera infection can include:

· Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss — as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed.

· Nausea and vomiting. Vomiting occurs especially in the early stages of cholera and can last for hours.

· Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start and range from mild to severe. A loss of 10% or more of body weight indicates severe dehydration.

Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, fatigue, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urinating, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat.

Dehydration can lead to a rapid loss of minerals in your blood that maintain the balance of fluids in your body. This is called an electrolyte imbalance.

◎ Electrolyte imbalance

An electrolyte imbalance can lead to serious signs and symptoms such as:

· Muscle cramps. These result from the rapid loss of salts such as sodium, chloride and potassium.

· Shock. This is one of the most serious complications of dehydration. It occurs when low blood volume causes a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the amount of oxygen in your body. If untreated, severe hypovolemic shock can cause death in minutes.

◎ When to see a doctor

The risk of cholera is slight in industrialized nations. Even in areas where it exists you're not likely to become infected if you follow food safety recommendations. Still, cases of cholera occur throughout the world. If you develop severe diarrhea after visiting an area with active cholera, see your doctor.

If you have diarrhea, especially severe diarrhea, and think you might have been exposed to cholera, seek treatment right away. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency that requires immediate care.

◎ Causes

A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine. The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes).

Cholera bacteria might not cause illness in all people who are exposed to them, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool, which can contaminate food and water supplies.

Contaminated water supplies are the main source of cholera infection. The bacterium can be found in:

· Surface or well water. Contaminated public wells are frequent sources of large-scale cholera outbreaks. People living in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation are especially at risk.

· Seafood. Eating raw or undercooked seafood, especially shellfish, that comes from certain places can expose you to cholera bacteria. Most recent cases of cholera in the United States have been traced to seafood from the Gulf of Mexico.

· Raw fruits and vegetables. Raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables are a frequent source of cholera infection in areas where there's cholera. In developing countries, uncomposted manure fertilizers or irrigation water containing raw sewage can contaminate produce in the field.

· Grains. In regions where cholera is widespread, grains such as rice and millet that are contaminated after cooking and kept at room temperature for several hours can grow cholera bacteria.

◎ Risk factors

Everyone is susceptible to cholera, with the exception of infants who get immunity from nursing mothers who have previously had cholera. Still, certain factors can make you more vulnerable to the disease or more likely to have severe signs and symptoms.

Risk factors for cholera include:

· Poor sanitary conditions. Cholera is more likely to flourish in situations where a sanitary environment — including a safe water supply — is difficult to maintain. Such conditions are common to refugee camps, impoverished countries, and areas afflicted by famine, war or natural disasters.

· Reduced or nonexistent stomach acid. Cholera bacteria can't survive in an acidic environment, and ordinary stomach acid often serves as a defense against infection. But people with low levels of stomach acid — such as children, older adults, and people who take antacids, H-2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors — lack this protection, so they're at greater risk of cholera.

· Household exposure. You're at increased risk of cholera if you live with someone who has the disease.

· Type O blood. For reasons that aren't entirely clear, people with type O blood are twice as likely to develop cholera compared with people with other blood types.

· Raw or undercooked shellfish. Although industrialized nations no longer have large-scale cholera outbreaks, eating shellfish from waters known to harbor the bacteria greatly increases your risk.

◎ Complications

Cholera can quickly become fatal. In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. In less extreme situations, people who don't receive treatment can die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear.

Although shock and severe dehydration are the worst complications of cholera, other problems can occur, such as:

· Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Dangerously low levels of blood sugar (glucose) — the body's main energy source — can occur when people become too ill to eat. Children are at greatest risk of this complication, which can cause seizures, unconsciousness and even death.

· Low potassium levels. People with cholera lose large quantities of minerals, including potassium, in their stools. Very low potassium levels interfere with heart and nerve function and are life-threatening.

· Kidney failure. When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, excess amounts of fluids, some electrolytes and wastes build up in the body — a potentially life-threatening condition. In people with cholera, kidney failure often accompanies shock.

◎ Prevention

Cholera is rare in the United States with the few cases related to travel outside the U.S. or to contaminated and improperly cooked seafood from the Gulf Coast waters.

If you're traveling to areas known to have cholera, your risk of contracting the disease is extremely low if you follow these precautions:

· Wash your hands with soap and water frequently, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. Rub soapy, wet hands together for at least 15 seconds before rinsing. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

· Drink only safe water, including bottled water or water you've boiled or disinfected yourself. Use bottled water even to brush your teeth.

Hot beverages are generally safe, as are canned or bottled drinks, but wipe the outside before you open them. Don't add ice to your drinks unless you made it yourself using safe water.

· Eat food that's completely cooked and hot and avoid street vendor food, if possible. If you do buy a meal from a street vendor, make sure it's cooked in your presence and served hot.

· Avoid sushi, as well as raw or improperly cooked fish and seafood of any kind.

· Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel yourself, such as bananas, oranges and avocados. Stay away from salads and fruits that can't be peeled, such as grapes and berries.

◎ Cholera vaccine

For adults traveling from the United States to areas affected by cholera, a vaccine called Vaxchora is available in the United States. It is a liquid dose taken by mouth at least 10 days before travel.

Several other countries offer oral vaccines as well. Contact your doctor or local office of public health for more information about these vaccines. Even with the vaccine, it's important to take the above precautions to prevent cholera.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为妙佑医疗国际官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Cholera 霍乱

From: Mayo Clinic 妙佑医疗国际

◎ Overview 概述

Cholera is a bacterial disease that usually spreads through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.

霍乱是一种细菌疾病，一般通过被污染的水源传播。霍乱会导致严重腹泻和脱水。霍乱如不加治疗会在数小时内致命，即使患者之前身体健康。

cholera /ˈkɒlərə/ 表示“霍乱”，英文解释为“Cholera is a serious disease that often kills people. It is caused by drinking infected water or by eating infected food.”

表示“污染；弄脏”，英文解释为“to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease”举个🌰：

The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.

饮用水被铅污染了。

diarrhea /ˌdaɪəˈrɪə/ = diarrhoea /ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/ 表示“腹泻”，英文解释为“an illness in which the body's solid waste is more liquid than usual and comes out of the body more often”如：diarrhoea and sickness 腹泻恶心。

dehydration /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.ʃən/ 表示“脱水，极度干渴”，英文解释为“a drop below normal levels of water in the body”举个🌰：

Diarrhoea and vomiting lead to dehydration unless fluids are taken to replace the loss.

如果不及时补充失去的液体，腹泻和呕吐会导致脱水。

Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. The risk of a cholera epidemic is the highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.

工业化国家的现代污水和水处理实际上已经消灭了霍乱。但非洲、东南亚和海地共和国仍存在霍乱。人们因贫困、战争或自然灾害被迫生活在拥挤且不够卫生的环境下时，霍乱流行的风险最高。

sewage /ˈsuːɪdʒ/表示“（下水道的）污水，污物”，英文解释为“the mixture of waste from the human body and used water, that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground”。

表示“排除；消除；清除”，英文解释为“to remove or take away someone or something”举个🌰：

A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.

养成健康的饮食习惯有助于消除心脏病诱因。

sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/表示“公共卫生；卫生设备；卫生设施体系”，英文解释为“Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy, especially by providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.”如：disease resulting from poor sanitation 卫生条件差导致的疾病，the hazards of contaminated water and poor sanitation 污水和不良公共卫生的危害。

Cholera is easily treated. Death from severe dehydration can be prevented with a simple and inexpensive rehydration solution.

治疗霍乱很简单。简单、价格低廉的补液就能预防因重度脱水导致的死亡。

rehydration /ˌriː.haɪˈdreɪ.ʃən/ 表示“再水化，再水合，液体补充（如某人脱水时将水注入其身体的过程）”，英文解释为“the process of putting water into someone's body when they are suffering from dehydration (= a lack of water)”

◎ Symptoms 症状

Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don't become ill and don't know they've been infected. But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water.

多数接触霍乱细菌（霍乱弧菌）的人不会生病，也不知道自己受感染。但是霍乱细菌会在粪便中隐藏 7 至 14 天，所以还是会通过受污染的水传染他人。

bacterium /bækˈtɪə.ri.əm/ 复数 bacteria，表示“细菌”，英文解释为“a type of very small organism that lives in air, earth, water, plants, and animals, often one that causes disease”如：an illness caused by bacteria in drinking water 饮用水中细菌引起的疾病。

shed /ʃed/ 丰县生育八孩女子事件调查处理情况文中作名词，表示“（通常为木质、存放物品用的）棚子，小屋”，英文解释为“a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things”如：a tool/storage shed 工具/储物棚，a garden/bicycle shed 花园/自行车棚。

作动词，shed表示“使脱落；使掉落；蜕；脱”，英文解释为“to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair, or skin, because it falls off naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident”举个🌰：

The trees shed their leaves in autumn.

树木在秋天落叶。

📍shed tears, blood, light, etc. 表示“流泪／流血／发光（等等）”，英文解释为“to produce tears, light, blood, etc.”举个🌰：

She shed a few tears at her daughter's wedding.

她在女儿的婚礼上流下了泪。

stool /stuːl/ 表示“粪便”，英文解释为“a piece of solid waste from the body”举个🌰：

He told the doctor he had been passing bloody stools.

他告诉医生他便血。

Most cases of cholera that cause symptoms cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other problems. Others develop more-serious signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection.

在出现症状的霍乱病例中，多数伴有轻度或中度腹泻，一般难以和其他问题造成的腹泻区分开来。其他人通常会在感染数天内出现更严重的霍乱体征和症状。

Symptoms of cholera infection can include:

霍乱感染的症状有：

· Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss — as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed.

· 腹泻。霍乱引起的腹泻来得很突然，而且会很快导致液体流失，每小时流失量多到一夸脱（约 1 公升），这是很危险的。霍乱引起的腹泻通常呈白色奶状，类似淘米水。

表示“夸脱（液体单位，英制中约合1.14升，美制中约合0.95升）”，英文解释为“a unit of measurement for liquids, equal to approximately 1.14 litres in the UK, or 0.95 litres in the US”举个🌰：

A quart is so called because it is a quarter of a gallon.

夸脱（quart）因其等于四分之一加仑（a quarter of a gallon）而得名。

表示“看起来像；显得像；像”，英文解释为“to look like or be similar to another person or thing”举个🌰：

So many hotels resemble each other.

许多酒店看上去都差不多。 

rinse /rɪns/ 表示“（用清水）冲洗，涮洗，漂洗”，英文解释为“to use water to clean the soap or dirt from something”举个🌰：

First apply shampoo to hair and then rinse thoroughly.

先把洗发剂涂抹在头发上，然后冲洗干净。

📍rinse, repeat 指的就是某个过程，某些事情需要不断重复地做（used to indicate the continual repetition of an action or sequence of events, typically in a way regarded as tiresomely predictable），源自洗发水上的使用说明，Lather, rinse, repeat（挤出泡沫、冲水、重复）。

· Nausea and vomiting. Vomiting occurs especially in the early stages of cholera and can last for hours.

· 恶心和呕吐。特别是霍乱早期会出现呕吐，可持续几个小时。

nausea /ˈnɔːzɪə, -sɪə/ 表示“恶心，呕吐感”，英文解释为“”举个🌰：the feeling that you have when you think you are going to vomit (= bring food up from your stomach through your mouth)

类似的：

📍sickness表示“恶心；呕吐”，英文解释为“the feeling that you are about to bring up food from your stomach, or the act of bringing food up”。

vomit /ˈvɒm.ɪt/ 表示“呕吐”，英文解释为“to empty the contents of the stomach through the mouth”举个🌰：

He came home drunk and vomited all over the kitchen floor.

他醉醺醺地回到家里，在厨房里吐了一地。

· Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start and range from mild to severe. A loss of 10% or more of body weight indicates severe dehydration.

· 脱水。霍乱症状开始后数小时内会出现脱水，从轻度到重度不等。体重减轻 10% 或更多意味着重度脱水。

Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, fatigue, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urinating, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat.

霍乱脱水的体征和症状有应激性、疲劳、眼睛凹陷、口干、极度口渴、皮肤干燥、干瘪，捏成皱褶后会反弹缓慢，少尿或无尿、低血压、心跳不规律。

fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ 表示“疲劳；劳累”，英文解释为“a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise”，如：physical and mental fatigue 身体和精神的疲劳。

shrivel /ˈʃrɪv.əl/ 表示“（使）枯萎；（使）干枯；（使）皱缩”，英文解释为“to become dry, smaller, and covered with lines as if by crushing or folding, or to make something do this”举个🌰：

The lack of rain has shrivelled the crops.

雨水不足，庄稼枯萎了。

表示“捏住；夹紧”，英文解释为“to hold sth tightly between the thumb and finger or between two things that are pressed together”举个🌰：

Pinch the nostrils together between your thumb and finger to stop the bleeding.

用手指捏住鼻孔止血。

🎬电影《钢铁侠3》（Iron Man 3）中的台词提到：Now, pinch my arm. I can take it. Pinch me. 现在 掐我一下 我受得了 掐吧。

urinate /ˈjʊə.rɪ.neɪt/ 表示“排尿，小便”，英文解释为“to pass urine from the body”

Dehydration can lead to a rapid loss of minerals in your blood that maintain the balance of fluids in your body. This is called an electrolyte imbalance.

脱水可使血液中维持体液平衡的矿物质快速流失。这称为电解质失衡。

electrolyte /iˈlek.trə.laɪt/ 表示“电解质；（通常指）电解液”，英文解释为“a substance, usually a liquid, that electricity can go through, or that separates into its parts when electricity goes through it”

◎ Electrolyte imbalance 电解质失衡

An electrolyte imbalance can lead to serious signs and symptoms such as:

电解质失衡会引起严重体征和症状：

· Muscle cramps. These result from the rapid loss of salts such as sodium, chloride and potassium.

· 肌肉痛性痉挛。这是由于体内钠、氯、钾等盐类快速流失造成的。

cramp表示“痉挛，抽筋（常出现在大量运动后）”，英文解释为“a sudden painful tightening in a muscle, often after a lot of exercise, that limits movement”举个🌰：

Several runners needed treatment for cramp and exhaustion.

有几个跑步者因为抽筋和体力衰竭需要治疗。

📍女航天员在太空来例假了怎么办？文中提到 cramps 复数，可以直接表示“（女性经期的）腹绞痛”，英文解释为“pains in the lower stomach caused by a woman's period”

· Shock. This is one of the most serious complications of dehydration. It occurs when low blood volume causes a drop in blood pressure and a drop in the amount of oxygen in your body. If untreated, severe hypovolemic shock can cause death in minutes.

· 休克。这是最严重的脱水并发症之一。当低血容量导致血压下降和体内氧气含量下降时，就会引起这种并发症。如果不进行治疗，严重的低血容量性休克会在几分钟内致人死亡。

作名词，熟词僻义，表示“休克”，英文解释为“a medical condition caused by severe injury, pain, loss of blood, or fear that slows down the flow of blood around the body”

1）猴痘是什么？文中提到，complication表示“并发症”，英文解释为“A complication is a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness or disease.”举个🌰：

Blindness is a common complication of diabetes.

失明是糖尿病常有的一种并发症。

2）表示“使情况复杂化的事物；复杂化”，英文解释为“something that makes a situation more difficult, or the act of doing this”举个🌰：

If any complications arise, let me know and I'll help.

如果发生什么麻烦事，告诉我一声，我会帮忙的。

◎ When to see a doctor 何时就诊

The risk of cholera is slight in industrialized nations. Even in areas where it exists you're not likely to become infected if you follow food safety recommendations. Still, cases of cholera occur throughout the world. If you develop severe diarrhea after visiting an area with active cholera, see your doctor.

工业化国家发生霍乱的风险很小。即使在有此病毒存在的地区，只要遵循有关食品安全的建议，您也不会被感染。尽管如此，霍乱病例仍在世界各地发生。如果您在到达一个霍乱活跃地区后出现严重腹泻，请立即就医。

If you have diarrhea, especially severe diarrhea, and think you might have been exposed to cholera, seek treatment right away. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency that requires immediate care.

如果您有腹泻，特别是严重腹泻，并认为您可能接触过霍乱，请立即寻求治疗。严重脱水是一种需要立即治疗的医疗急诊。

◎ Causes 病因

A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine. The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes).

一种叫做霍乱弧菌的细菌会引起霍乱感染。这种疾病的致命影响是由细菌在小肠中产生的毒素造成的。这种毒素会使身体分泌大量的水，导致腹泻和迅速丧失液体和盐（电解质）。

toxin /ˈtɒksɪn/ 表示“毒素”，英文解释为“A toxin is any poisonous substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants.”

small intestine /ˌsmɔːl ɪnˈtes.tɪn/ 表示“小肠”，英文解释为“the upper part of the bowels between the stomach and the large intestine”

secrete /sɪˈkriːt/ 表示“（动植物或其细胞）分泌”，英文解释为“(of animals or plants or their cells) to produce and release a liquid”举个🌰：

Saliva is a liquid secreted by glands in or near the mouth.

唾液是由嘴中或嘴部周围的腺体分泌的一种液体。

Cholera bacteria might not cause illness in all people who are exposed to them, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool, which can contaminate food and water supplies.

霍乱细菌可能不会使所有与其接触的人患病，但其仍然会通过粪便传播细菌，从而污染食物和水源。

Contaminated water supplies are the main source of cholera infection. The bacterium can be found in:

受污染的水源是霍乱感染的主要源头。这种细菌可出现于：

· Surface or well water. Contaminated public wells are frequent sources of large-scale cholera outbreaks. People living in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation are especially at risk.

· 地表水或井水。受污染的公共水井是大规模霍乱暴发的常见源头。生活在拥挤环境中而没有适当卫生设施的人尤其危险。

花滑将禁止17岁以下选手参赛文中出现well，用于强调某些介词，英文解释为“used to emphasize some prepositions ”举个🌰：

The results are well above/below what we expected.

结果比我们预想的要好/差得多。

此处well作名词，熟词僻义，表示“水井；油井；气井”，英文解释为“a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas”。

· Seafood. Eating raw or undercooked seafood, especially shellfish, that comes from certain places can expose you to cholera bacteria. Most recent cases of cholera in the United States have been traced to seafood from the Gulf of Mexico.

· 海鲜。吃生的或未煮熟的海鲜，特别是来自某些地方的贝类，会让您接触霍乱细菌。美国最近的霍乱病例可追溯到墨西哥湾的海鲜。

· Raw fruits and vegetables. Raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables are a frequent source of cholera infection in areas where there's cholera. In developing countries, uncomposted manure fertilizers or irrigation water containing raw sewage can contaminate produce in the field.

· 生食水果和蔬菜。未剥皮的生水果和蔬菜是霍乱地区霍乱感染的常见源头。在发展中国家，未堆肥的肥料或含有未处理污水的灌溉水可能污染田间产物。

表示“除去，剥去（水果、蔬菜的）皮”，英文解释为“to remove the skin of fruit and vegetables”举个🌰：

Peel, core, and chop the apples.

把苹果去皮、去核并剁碎。

作动词，表示“把…制成堆肥；施堆肥于...”，英文解释为“To compost things such as unwanted bits of plants means to make them into compost.”

本身直接作名词，表示“混合肥料；堆肥”，英文解释为“decaying plant material that is added to soil to improve its quality”。

manure /məˈnjʊər/ 表示“粪肥（尤指马粪）”，英文解释为“solid waste from animals, especially horses, that is spread on the land in order to make plants grow well”

fertilizer / fertiliser /'fɜːtɪlaɪsə/ 表示“肥料”，英文解释为“a substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully”，如：化学肥料 chemical fertilisers。

📍2018年政府工作报告中提到，化肥农药使用量实现零增长 achieved zero growth in chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.

表示“灌溉；冲洗（尤指伤口）”，英文解释为“the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels. the process of washing out an organ or wound with a continuous flow of water or medication.”

熟词僻义，不可数名词，表示“产品，（尤指）农产品”，英文解释为“Produce is fruit and vegetables that are grown in large quantities to be sold.”举个🌰：

We manage to get most of our produce in farmers' markets.

我们设法在农贸市场弄到大部分我们需要的农产品。

· Grains. In regions where cholera is widespread, grains such as rice and millet that are contaminated after cooking and kept at room temperature for several hours can grow cholera bacteria.

· 谷物。在霍乱流行的地区，在烹饪后受到污染的大米和小米等谷物，在室温下保存数小时后会滋生霍乱细菌。

millet /ˈmɪlɪt/ 表示“黍，稷；小米，粟”，英文解释为“a plant that is similar to grass, or the small seeds from this plant that can be eaten”。

◎ Risk factors 风险因素

Everyone is susceptible to cholera, with the exception of infants who get immunity from nursing mothers who have previously had cholera. Still, certain factors can make you more vulnerable to the disease or more likely to have severe signs and symptoms.

除了从之前患过霍乱的哺乳母亲获得免疫力的婴儿外，人人易患霍乱。尽管如此，某些因素可能让您更易罹患霍乱，或者更可能出现重度体征和症状。

susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ 表示“易受影响（或伤害等）；敏感；过敏”，英文解释为“very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth”举个🌰：

Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others.

这些植物中有一些较其他的易受霜冻危害。

表示“婴儿”，英文解释为“a baby or a very young child”。

表示“免疫；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“a situation in which you are protected against disease or from legal action”举个🌰：

The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months.

注射这种疫苗会使你对这种疾病有长达6个月的免疫力。

Risk factors for cholera include:

霍乱的风险因素包括：

· Poor sanitary conditions. Cholera is more likely to flourish in situations where a sanitary environment — including a safe water supply — is difficult to maintain. Such conditions are common to refugee camps, impoverished countries, and areas afflicted by famine, war or natural disasters.

· 卫生条件差。在难以维持卫生环境（包括安全供水）的场合，霍乱更可能肆虐。这类情况常见于难民营、贫困国家/地区，以及遭受饥荒、战争或自然灾难重创的地区。

sanitary /ˈsænɪtərɪ/ 作形容词1）表示“清洁的，卫生的，于健康无害的”，英文解释为“clean and not causing any danger to people’s health”，举个🌰：

Often, the camps were not very sanitary.

营地里常常不太卫生。

2）或者是“有关卫生的，与健康有关的”，英文解释为“relating to the ways that dirt, infection, and waste are removed, so that places are clean and healthy for people to live in”，举个🌰：

Diseases were spread through poor sanitary conditions.

疾病因卫生条件很差而传播开来。

表示“赤贫的；不名一文的”，英文解释为“very poor; without money”如：impoverished peasants 贫困的农民。

表示“使痛苦；使苦恼；折磨”，英文解释为“If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it.”举个🌰：

It is an illness that afflicts women less than men.

患这种疾病的女性少于男性。

表示“饥荒；饥荒时期”，英文解释为“a situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens”举个🌰：

Another crop failure could result in widespread famine.

如果庄稼再次歉收就可能导致大范围饥荒。

· Reduced or nonexistent stomach acid. Cholera bacteria can't survive in an acidic environment, and ordinary stomach acid often serves as a defense against infection. But people with low levels of stomach acid — such as children, older adults, and people who take antacids, H-2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors — lack this protection, so they're at greater risk of cholera.

· 胃酸减少或不存在。霍乱细菌不能在酸性环境下存活，而普通的胃酸往往可起到抵御感染的作用。但是胃酸水平低的人群（如儿童、老年人和服用抗酸剂、H-2 阻滞剂或质子泵抑制剂的患者）缺少这方面的保护，因此他们面临罹患霍乱的风险更大。

acidic /əˈsɪd.ɪk/ 1）表示“酸性的”，英文解释为“containing acid”如：acidic soil 酸性土壤；

2）表示“很酸的”，英文解释为“very sour”如：a slightly acidic taste 微酸的味道。

· Household exposure. You're at increased risk of cholera if you live with someone who has the disease.

· 家庭接触。如果您与霍乱患者生活在一起，您罹患霍乱的风险增加。

· Type O blood. For reasons that aren't entirely clear, people with type O blood are twice as likely to develop cholera compared with people with other blood types.

· O 型血。虽然原因尚不完全清楚，但 O 型血者患上霍乱的可能性是其他血型者的两倍。

· Raw or undercooked shellfish. Although industrialized nations no longer have large-scale cholera outbreaks, eating shellfish from waters known to harbor the bacteria greatly increases your risk.

· 生的或未煮透的贝类。虽然工业化国家/地区不再大规模暴发霍乱，但是食用来自已知存在霍乱细菌的水域的贝类会大幅增加您患霍乱的风险。

熟词僻义，作动词，表示“携带（细菌等，可导致疾病的传播）”，英文解释为“to contain the bacteria, etc. that can cause a disease to spread”举个🌰：

Bathroom door handles can harbour germs.

厕所门把手上可能带有病菌。

◎ Complications 并发症

Cholera can quickly become fatal. In the most severe cases, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. In less extreme situations, people who don't receive treatment can die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear.

霍乱会很快致命。在最严重的病例中，大量液体和电解质的迅速流失会导致人数小时内死亡。在不太极端的情况下，未接受治疗的人可能在首次出现霍乱症状后数小时至数日内因脱水和休克而死亡。

Although shock and severe dehydration are the worst complications of cholera, other problems can occur, such as:

尽管休克和严重脱水是霍乱最严重的并发症，但也可能发生其他问题，例如：

· Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Dangerously low levels of blood sugar (glucose) — the body's main energy source — can occur when people become too ill to eat. Children are at greatest risk of this complication, which can cause seizures, unconsciousness and even death.

· 血糖含量低（低血糖症）。当患者病得无法进食时，可能发生危险的低血糖（葡萄糖），血糖是人体的主要能量。儿童患这种并发症的风险最大，可能导致癫痫发作，意识丧失甚至死亡。

glucose /ˈɡluːkəʊz/ 表示“葡萄糖”，英文解释为“Glucose is a type of sugar that gives you energy.”

seizure /ˈsiːʒə/ 1）表示“占领，夺取，攫取；查封，没收，充公”，英文解释为“the action of taking something by force or with legal authority”，如：the seizure of power/property/control 对权力/财产/控制权的攫取。

2）表示“心脏病突发”，英文解释为“a sudden failure of the heart”举个🌰：

He died of a seizure.

他死于心脏病突发。

也可以泛指疾病的骤发，突发，发作，英文解释：a very sudden attack of an illness in which someone becomes unconscious or develops violent movements，如：an epileptic seizure 癫痫突发。

· Low potassium levels. People with cholera lose large quantities of minerals, including potassium, in their stools. Very low potassium levels interfere with heart and nerve function and are life-threatening.

· 钾水平低。霍乱患者会经粪便流失大量矿物质，包括钾。极低的钾水平会干扰心脏和神经功能，并危及生命。

· Kidney failure. When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, excess amounts of fluids, some electrolytes and wastes build up in the body — a potentially life-threatening condition. In people with cholera, kidney failure often accompanies shock.

· 肾衰竭。当肾脏失去过滤能力时，体内会积聚过量的液体、一些电解质和废物，这可能危及生命。在霍乱患者中，肾衰竭常伴有休克。

表示“肾，肾脏”，英文解释为“either of a pair of small organs in the body that take away waste matter from the blood to produce urine”如：kidney failure 肾脏衰竭。

◎ Prevention 预防

Cholera is rare in the United States with the few cases related to travel outside the U.S. or to contaminated and improperly cooked seafood from the Gulf Coast waters.

霍乱在美国很少见，少数病例与出国旅行或墨西哥湾沿岸水域受污染和烹调不当的海鲜有关。

If you're traveling to areas known to have cholera, your risk of contracting the disease is extremely low if you follow these precautions:

如果您要前往存在霍乱的地区，采取以下预防措施可将感染霍乱的风险降至极低：

1）作名词，表示“合同；契约”，英文解释为“a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself”如：a contract of employment 雇用合同。

2）作动词，熟词僻义，表示“染（重病）”，英文解释为“If you contract a serious illness, you become ill with it.”如：to contract a virus/a disease 感染病毒/疾病。

🎬电影《震荡效应》（Concussion）中的台词提到：of contracting a brain related injury such as dementia, Alzheimer's, depression or CTE? 造成相关的大脑损伤，如痴呆、阿尔茨海默氏症，抑郁症，或CTE？

· Wash your hands with soap and water frequently, especially after using the toilet and before handling food. Rub soapy, wet hands together for at least 15 seconds before rinsing. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

· 经常用肥皂和水洗手，尤其是在上完厕所和接触食物之前。将手部打湿并涂抹肥皂后揉搓至少 15 秒钟再冲洗。如果没有肥皂和水，请使用含酒精的洗手液。

表示“擦；摩擦；搓；揉搓”，英文解释为“to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up-and-down repeated movement”举个🌰：

She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily.

她打着哈欠睡意朦胧地揉着眼睛。

· Drink only safe water, including bottled water or water you've boiled or disinfected yourself. Use bottled water even to brush your teeth.

· 只喝安全的水，包括瓶装水或您亲自煮沸或消毒过的水。即使是刷牙也要用瓶装水。

Hot beverages are generally safe, as are canned or bottled drinks, but wipe the outside before you open them. Don't add ice to your drinks unless you made it yourself using safe water.

热饮、罐装或瓶装饮料通常是安全的，但请在打开之前将外表擦干净。请勿在饮料中加冰，除非冰块由您自己用安全的水制作。

表示“饮料”，英文解释为“Beverages are drinks.”如：alcoholic beverages 含酒精的饮料。

表示“罐装的；听装的”，英文解释为“preserved and sold in a metal container”如：canned fruit/tomatoes 罐装水果/西红柿。

· Eat food that's completely cooked and hot and avoid street vendor food, if possible. If you do buy a meal from a street vendor, make sure it's cooked in your presence and served hot.

· 尽量食用完全煮熟的热食，并避免吃街头小吃。如果您要从街头商贩处购买餐食，请确保食物当着您的面烹饪且是热的。

· Avoid sushi, as well as raw or improperly cooked fish and seafood of any kind.

· 避免吃寿司以及生的或烹调不当的鱼和任何种类的海鲜。

· Stick to fruits and vegetables that you can peel yourself, such as bananas, oranges and avocados. Stay away from salads and fruits that can't be peeled, such as grapes and berries.

· 坚持食用可以去皮的水果和蔬菜，例如香蕉、橙子和鳄梨。远离沙拉和无法去皮的水果，例如葡萄和浆果。

avocado /ˌæv.əˈkɑː.dəʊ/ 表示“鳄梨”，英文解释为“a tropical fruit with thick, green, or purple skin, a large, round seed, and green flesh that can be eaten”

◎ Cholera vaccine 霍乱疫苗

For adults traveling from the United States to areas affected by cholera, a vaccine called Vaxchora is available in the United States. It is a liquid dose taken by mouth at least 10 days before travel.

对于要从美国前往受霍乱影响地区旅行的成人而言，可在美国接种 Vaxchora 这种疫苗。该疫苗为一剂液体，需要在旅行前至少 10 天口服。

1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；

2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：

He received a hefty dose of bad news this week.

本周他得到了许多坏消息。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。

Several other countries offer oral vaccines as well. Contact your doctor or local office of public health for more information about these vaccines. Even with the vaccine, it's important to take the above precautions to prevent cholera.

其他一些国家或地区也提供口服疫苗。有关这些疫苗的更多信息，请联系您的医生或当地的公共卫生办公室。即使接种了疫苗，采取上述霍乱预防措施也至关重要。

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