思政课 | 从哲学家的发型看其哲学思想

如果说哲学源自闲暇

那么聊哲学家的发型

源自哲思学意公众号

侵删  2019-4-20

从哲学家对发型的态度看他们的哲学思想【黑历史】

杯身背景名言段落

阿伦特《艾希曼在耶路撒冷》

In the face of death, he had found the cliché used in funeral oratory. Under the gallows, his memory played him the last trick; he was "elated" and he forgot that this was his own funeral. It was as though in those last minutes he was summing up the lesson that this long course inhuman wickedness had taught us——the lesson of the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil.

The trouble with Eichmann was precisely that so many were like him, and that the many were neither perverted nor sadistic, that they were, and still are, terribly and terrifyingly normal. From the viewpoint of our legal institutions and of our moral standards of judgment, this normality was much more terrifying than all the atrocities put together.

面对死亡时，艾希曼发表了在葬礼演讲中惯用的陈词滥调。在绞刑架下，他的记忆给了他最后一个自欺欺人;他“兴高采烈”，忘了这是他自己的葬礼。在他生命的最后几分钟里，他仍为这一非人道的邪恶给人类上的漫长一课做了总结，那是令人恐惧的，难以言喻的平庸之恶的一课。

我们关于艾希曼问题的窘境就在于，像他一样的人实在太多了，他们中的很多既不变态，也不是虐待狂。他们过去是，现在也是，平常至极。鉴于我们现有的法律制度和道德标准，这种平庸比所有暴行加在一起还要可怕得多。

维特根斯坦《维特根斯坦》（电影对白）

There was once a young man who dreamed of reducing the world to pure logic. Because he was a very clever young man, he actually managed to do it. And when he'd finished his work, he stood back and admired it. It was beautiful. A world purged of imperfection and indeterminacy. Countless acres of gleaming ice stretching to the horizon. So the clever young man looked around the world he had created, and decided to explore it. He took one step forward and fell flat on his back. You see, he had forgotten about friction. The ice was smooth and level and stainless, but you couldn't walk there. So the clever young man sat down and wept bitter tears.

曾经有个年轻人，他想把世界简化到纯粹的逻辑里。因为他非常聪明，他也确实做到了。他在完成时，回首看着、欣赏着。一个非常美丽，摒除了不完美和不确定的新世界，闪耀的冰面无边无际地延伸到天边。那个聪明的年轻人环视他所创造的世界，决定探索它。他向前迈出了第一步，立即摔倒了。你看，他忘了摩擦力。冰面平坦光滑，洁净无瑕，但是人无法在上面行走。聪明的年轻人坐在那里，不禁流下心碎的眼泪。
 

康德《纯粹理性批判》

There can be no doubt that all our knowledge begins with experience. For how should our faculty of knowledge be awakened into action did not objects affecting our senses partly of themselves produce representations, partly arouse the activity of our understanding to compare these representations, and, by combining or separating them, work up the raw material of the sensible impressions into that knowledge of objects which is entitled experience? In the order of time, therefore, we have no knowledge antecedent to experience, and with experience all our knowledge begins.

But though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience. For it may well be that even our empirical knowledge…

我们的一切知识都从经验开始，这是没有任何怀疑的；因为，如果不是通过对象激起我们的感官，一则由它们自己引起表象，一则使我们的知性活动运作起来，对这些表象加以比较，把它们连结或分开，这样把感性印象的原始素材加工成称之为经验的对象知识，那么知识能力又该由什么来唤起活动呢？所以在时间的维度里，我们没有任何知识是先行于经验的，一切知识都是从经验开始的。

然而，虽然我们所有的知识都是从经验开始的，但这并不意味着我们所有的知识都是从经验中产生的。因为很有可能连我们实证的知识也……

加缪《局外人》

It might look as if my hands were empty. Actuary, I was sure of myself, sure of my present life and of the death that was coming. That, no doubt, was all I had; but at least that certainty was something I could get my teeth into——just as it had got its teeth into me. I’d been right, I was still right, I was always right. 

For the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, make me realize that I’d been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration.

我好像是两手空空。但是我对我自己有把握，对一切都有把握，比他有把握，对我的生命和那即将到来的死亡有把握。是的，我只有这么一点儿把握。但是至少，我抓住了这个真理，正如这个真理抓住了我一样。我从前有理，我现在还有理，我永远有理。

我第一次向这个世界的动人的冷漠敞开了心扉。我体验到这个世界如此像我，如此友爱，我觉得我过去曾经是幸福的，我现在仍然是幸福的。为了把一切都做得完善，为了使我感到不那么孤独，我还希望处决我的那一天有很多人来观看，希望他们对我报以仇恨的喊叫声。

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