肝癌是最难检测到的癌症之一，但是合成生物学家Tal Danino的想法却是左倾：如果我们可以创造出一种经过编程处理以发现肝脏肿瘤的益生可食用细菌，那样可行吗？他的洞察力利用了细菌知识：它们的群体感应能力，或者一旦达到临界质量就一起做某事。TED研究员Danino解释了这些群体感应是如何工作的，以及聪明的细菌如何共同协作有一天可能改变癌症的治疗方法。You may not realize this, but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy. This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us is an integral part of our health, and our technology is evolving so rapidly that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers. 或许你并没有意识到，你身体里的细菌比银河系中的星星还要多。我们体内这迷人的“细菌宇宙” 是我们身体健康不可缺少的组成部分，而高科技的迅速发展允许我们像处理计算机程序一样处理这些细菌。
bacteria [bækˈtɪriə] n.细菌bacterium [bækˈtɪriəm] n.细菌um 是拉丁文阴性词的后缀，变成复数形式要变成字母a。bact 杆菌 + er名词后缀 + i连字符 + um 名词后缀Chlorine is added to kill bacteria.加氯是为了杀死细菌。
Now, the diagram that you see here, I know it looks like some kind of sports play, but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed. And like writing software, we can print and write DNA into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria. 现在，你看到的这张图，我知道这看起来像是某种体育运动的示意图，但实际上是我开发的第一个细菌程序。就像写软件代码那样，我们可以依据不同的算法输出和撰写DNA序列，并在细菌内部编写程序。
algorithm [ˈælɡərɪðəm] n.算法;计算程序阿尔•花刺子模全名为穆罕默德•本•穆萨•阿尔•花剌子模（Muhammad ibn Msa al Khwarizmi），出生于波斯北部城市花剌子模，是阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝著名数学家、天文学家、地理学家，代数与算术的整理者，被誉为“代数之父”。公元830年，阿尔·花剌子模写了一本有关代数的书，英语单词Algebra（代数）就来源于这本书的书名中一个单词。书中阐述了解一次和二次方程的基本方法，明确提出了代数学中的一些基本概念，把代数学发展成为一门与几何学相提并论的独立学科。阿尔·花剌子模还出版了一本数学著作，介绍了印度的十进制记数法和以此为基础的算术知识。13世纪，意大利数学家斐波那契（ Fibonacci）将这套十进制计数法和算术方法引介到欧洲，逐渐代替了欧洲原有的算板计算及罗马的记数系统。0~9等十个印度数字也因此被欧洲人误称为阿拉伯数字。意大利人将他的名字翻译成拉丁语Algorismus，并将他在这本著作中讲解的基于十进制计数法的算术方法也称为Algorismus。英语单词algorism（算术）一次就来自拉丁语Algorismus，后来被单词arithmetic（算术）逐渐替代，很少使用。而algorism的异体，英语单词algorithm却随着计算机科学技术的发展得以发扬光大，表示计算机领域的专业术语“算法”。This is the same algorithm used for functions, procedures and data types.What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins in a rhythmic fashion and generates a small molecule that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize, as you're seeing in this movie. The growing colony of bacteria that you see here is about the width of a human hair. 这个程序做的事情就是按照一定的节奏生产荧光蛋白，并生成一个小分子，让细菌可以彼此联系，实现信息同步，正如你在这个影片里看到的。这个成长中的菌落，和人类头发的宽度差不多大小。
fluorescent [ˌflɔːˈresnt] adj.发荧光的;强烈反光的;发亮的词源: 来自19世纪英国物理学家George Stokes, 因为他首先在氟中发现这种发光现象而命名，而并非荧光一定来自于氟。escence, 开始的，词源同adolescent。fluorescent armbands worn by cyclistsmolecule [ˈmɑːlɪkjuːl] n.分子mole〔= mol〕堆 + cul 小 + e 名词后缀 → 很小的东西堆在一起 → 分子A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules, and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria telling them when to turn on and off. 但你们看不到我们的基因程序如何指导这些细菌各自产生小分子，这些分子在数千个细菌个体之间游移，告诉它们什么时候开启和关闭相应的功能。And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale, but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast, in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves between bacteria that are far away from each other, and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen. 在这个尺度下，细菌同步表现得很好，但因为这些让细菌同步的分子移动速度非常快，在比较大的菌落里，将导致在相距较远的细菌个体间产生传导波动，你可以看到这样的波动从荧幕的右边向左移动。 Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon called quorum sensing, in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors once they reach a critical density. 我们的遗传程序依赖于一种叫做“群体感应”的自然现象，一旦菌落达到临界密度，细菌之间就会开始激发相互协调，有时甚至会产生致命后果的行为。phenomenon [fəˈnɑːmɪnən] n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物)phen 显示；外观 + omen 预兆 + on 名词后缀 → 显示预兆 → 现象Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century. 全球化是21世纪的现象。
quorum [ˈkwɔːrəm] n.(会议的)法定人数...enough deputies to make a quorum.达到法定人数的足够的代表
virulent [ˈvɪrələnt] adj.致命的;恶性的;剧毒的;狠毒的;恶毒的;不共戴天的vir 病毒 + ul + ent 形容词后缀 → 致命的不共戴天的民族主义
critical density [ˈkrɪtɪkl ˈdensəti] 临界密度You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie, where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow once it reaches a high or critical density. 在这段视频中，你能观察到活动中的“群体感应”现象，成长中的菌落只有在达到高密度或临界密度的时候才会开始发光。Our genetic program continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins as the colony grows outwards. This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova, because it looks like an exploding star. 我们的基因程序在菌落向外蔓延时，有节奏地持续制造荧光蛋白。我们称这个特别的影片和这个实验为“超级新星”，因为这看起来很像星星大爆炸。
supernova [ˈsuːpərnoʊvə] 超新星;超时空危机;超级新星;超新星爆发;直捣超王星号super 超级 + nova 新星 → 超级新星At least one supernova occurs per decade in our galaxy.Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns, I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do? And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer. One of the surprising facts about bacteria is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors. 除了编译这些美丽的图样外，我开始思考，我们还能让这些细菌做些什么？我决定探索研究要如何编程细菌去发现和治疗身体内的疾病，比如癌症。细菌的一个不可思议之处在于，它们可以在肿瘤内部自然地生长。This happens because typically tumors are areas where the immune system has no access, and so bacteria find these tumors and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive. We started using probiotic bacteria which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit, and found that when orally delivered to mice, these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors. 这是因为，一般的肿瘤是免疫系统涉及不到的区域，所以当细菌发现这些肿瘤时，会将肿瘤当做避风港，在其中茁壮成长。我们开始使用益生菌，它们安全并且对健康有益，随后发现，当老鼠口服益生菌时，这些益生菌会选择生长在肝脏的肿瘤里。
immune [ɪˈmjuːn] adj.有免疫力;不受影响;受保护;免除;豁免im 表否定 + mun 公共 + e → 履行公共服务的 → 免疫的，受保护的Adults are often immune to German measles.probiotic [ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪk] adj.促进有益菌生长的;益生菌的;益生素的 n.益生菌pro 前 + bio 生命 + t + ic 形容词或名词后缀 → 有益于生命成长的 → 益生菌Probiotic yoghurts have only a small effect on gut bacteria.
We realized that the most convenient way to highlight the presence of the probiotics, and hence, the presence of the tumors, was to get these bacteria to produce a signal that would be detectable in the urine, and so we specifically programmed these probiotics to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine to indicate the presence of cancer. 我们意识到最简便的标记出益生菌，进而让肿瘤现形的方式，是让这些益生菌产生可以在尿液中被检测到的信号，所以我们特别编译了这些益生菌，让它们产生可以改变你尿液颜色的分子，以此实现癌症的检测。
detectable [dɪˈtektəbl] adj.可觉察的;可发现的;可查出的detect 察觉，发现 + able 形容词后缀 → 可发现的detect = de 表否定 + tect 覆盖Doctors say the disease is probably inherited but not detectable at birth.We went on to show that this technology could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer, one that is challenging to detect otherwise. 我们随后证明了这项技术对肝癌的检测具有高灵敏度和准确度，而肝癌很难通过其他方式检测到。 Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors, we've been programming them to not only detect cancer but also to treat cancer by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment that shrink the existing tumors, and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs like you saw in the previous movies. 既然知道这些细菌能准确定位肿瘤，我们又试着实现不止能检测癌症，还能治疗癌症的编译，通过从肿瘤内部产生治疗分子，让现有的肿瘤萎缩，而我们已经在用群体感应程序来实现这一过程了，就像之前影片中看到的一样。
previous [ˈpriːviəs] adj.先前的;以往的;(时间上)稍前的pre 前 + vi 道路 + ous 形容词后缀 → 前面的路 → 以前的No previous experience is necessary for this job.Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic that could detect and treat cancer, or even other diseases. Our ability to program bacteria and program life opens up new horizons in cancer research, and to share this vision.想象一下，未来可以通过服用这些编译后的细菌来检测和治疗癌症，甚至是其他疾病。我们能够编译细菌以及生命的能力，为癌症研究打开了新的天地，为了分享这个美好的愿景。I worked with artist Vik Muniz to create the symbol of the universe, made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells. Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research. Thank you. 我和艺术家Vik Muniz合作，创作了这个完全由细菌和癌症细胞所组成的宇宙符号。最终，我希望这个美丽的微观世界和它的存在意义，能够给未来的癌症研究方法带来新的创意。谢谢。