韩国颁布“孕妇指南”引众怒

近日，韩国首尔怀孕分娩信息中心发布的“孕妇产前指南”因包含争议性言论引发热议。

据了解，指南中提到孕妇在住院分娩前要替丈夫准备好饭菜，为丈夫和孩子准备3至7天的换洗衣物，还建议怀孕初期的孕妇“按时完成家务”以免家人感到不便。

无注释原文：

Seoul's Advice to Pregnant Women: Cook, Clean and Stay Attractive

The New York Times

Before giving birth, check that your family has sufficient toilet paper. Prepare ready-made meals for your husband, who surely “is not good at cooking.” Tie up your hair, “so that you don’t look disheveled” even as you go without a bath. And after the baby arrives, keep a “small-size” dress in sight — you’ll need motivation not to take that extra bite.

These words of advice, offered to pregnant women by the authorities in Seoul, have created a backlash in South Korea, where the government can ill afford to fumble as it desperately tries to compel women to have more babies and reverse the world’s lowest birthrate.

The pregnancy guidelines were first published on a government website in 2019. But they caught the attention of the public only in recent days, causing an outcry on social media, where people said they reflected outmoded views that persist in segments of the deeply patriarchal society and petitioned for their removal.

Yong Hye-in, an activist and politician, said that under the guidelines, a woman’s child-rearing responsibilities were doubled by having to care for her husband too. A better tactic for those married to men incapable of doing things like throwing away rotting food, Ms. Yong wrote on Twitter, would be divorce.

Experts called the government’s advice a missed opportunity. “I think it is written by someone who never gave birth,” said Dr. Kim Jae-yean, chairman of the Korean Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. He added that the government should have provided practical advice on issues like breastfeeding.

A petition started online last week, which has been signed by more than 21,000 people, called for a public apology from officials, as well as disciplinary action against those who released the guidelines.

In an email to The New York Times, the public health division of the Seoul city government said it felt “responsible for not reviewing and monitoring the contents, approved at the time, thoroughly and closely.” It said it would review its online content, and improve gender sensitivity training for all municipal employees.

While the most offensive parts of the guidelines have been removed, some of the advice remains online, and screenshots of the original text continue to circulate on social media.

“Why are we looking for the cause of the low birthrate from far away? It’s right here,” wrote one person on Twitter. Another said women were infuriated by the rules: “Who made this guideline? There are lots of things to be corrected.”

Some lawmakers criticized the messaging as damaging for South Korea’s reputation.

“It is awkward that the anachronistic admonition on how pregnant women should serve their families is still being distributed,” Woo Sang-ho, a lawmaker of the governing Democratic Party, wrote on Facebook last week, before the guidelines were removed.

Others, however, said the online criticism went too far.

“I don’t think it’s that ridiculous to suggest women prepare food and the house,” said Kyung Jin Kim, 42, a former lawyer based in Seoul, who recently left her career to start a family. But she said the guidelines could have been more useful “if the tone were not so like a middle-aged Korean guy or an old Korean mother-in-law.”

Under the recommendations, women were advised to check their household essentials so that their family members would “not be uncomfortable.” They were also urged to clean out the fridge, prepare meals and find someone to care for their other children.

The advice made no mention of any responsibilities for husbands. But it did have some suggestions for how to remain attractive to them.

“Hang the clothes you wore before your marriage or small-size clothes you would like to wear after childbirth by putting one in a place you can easily see,” the original text from the site read. It added that “when you feel like you would like to eat more than you need to, or skip exercising, you get motivated by looking at the clothes.”

Though South Korea has become an economic and cultural powerhouse, many women still experience misogyny in very practical terms.

According to a 2017 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the gender pay gap in South Korea is the highest among its 37 member countries. Working women earn nearly 40 percent less than men, and many stop working when they have children, often pressured by their families and workplaces.

Other countries in the region, including Japan — which also has an aging population and a low birthrate — have broad gender disparities, especially in relation to pregnancy. In Japan, the term “matahara” (short for maternity harassment) caught on when a woman’s claims of workplace bullying after she gave birth were heard in the country’s Supreme Court in 2014.

These declining populations pose a threat to the countries’ economies, making it all the more important that governments tread carefully in incentivizing women to have children.

Last year, South Korea’s population declined for the first time on record, dropping by nearly 21,000. Births fell by more than 10.5 percent, and deaths rose by 3 percent. The Ministry of Interior and Safety acknowledged the alarming implications, saying that “amid the rapidly declining birthrate, the government needs to undertake fundamental changes to its relevant policies.”

Though the Seoul government may have fumbled in its advice, the backlash, some said, proved that attitudes were changing.

“This is just outdated advice,” said Adele Vitale, a birth doula and Italian expatriate who has lived in Busan, a port city on the country’s southeast coast, for a decade.

Ms. Vitale, who works primarily with foreign women married to Korean men, said that though Korean society had traditionally perceived pregnant women as “incapacitated,” she had increasingly seen their husbands adopting more egalitarian views toward childbirth and child rearing.

“Family dynamics have been evolving,” she said. “Women are no longer willing to be treated this way.”

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Seoul's Advice to Pregnant Women: Cook, Clean and Stay Attractive 打扫、做饭，保持身材：韩国“孕妇指南”引众怒

The New York Times

Before giving birth, check that your family has sufficient toilet paper. Prepare ready-made meals for your husband, who surely “is not good at cooking.” Tie up your hair, “so that you don't look disheveled” even as you go without a bath. And after the baby arrives, keep a “small-size” dress in sight — you'll need motivation not to take that extra bite.

生孩子之前，要检查家里有没有足够的厕纸。为丈夫准备好饭菜，因为他肯定“不擅长做饭”。把头发扎起来，这样即使没有洗澡“也不会显得邋遢”。在孩子出生后，要把一件“小码”的裙子放在眼前——你需要动力来克制自己，不要多吃那一口。

表示“系牢；扎紧”，英文解释为“When you tie something up, you fasten string or rope around it so that it is firm or secure.”举个🌰：

He tied up the bag .

他扎紧了袋子。

dishevelled /dɪˈʃevəld/ 表示“（人或其外表）不整洁的，乱糟糟的”，英文解释为“(of people or their appearance) very untidy”如：dishevelled hair/clothes/appearance 乱糟糟的头发/衣服/外表。

bite作名词，有“咬；叮；蛰；（咬下的）一口”的含义，英文解释为“an act of biting；a small piece of food that you can bite from a larger piece”举个🌰：

He took a bite (= bit a piece) out of the apple.

他咬了一口苹果。

短语：

📍have a bite to eat/have a quick bite表示“吃点儿东西”（to eat a small amount of food or a small meal）。

These words of advice, offered to pregnant women by the authorities in Seoul, have created a backlash in South Korea, where the government can ill afford to fumble as it desperately tries to compel women to have more babies and reverse the world's lowest birthrate.

这些首尔当局提供给孕妇的建议在韩国引起了强烈反弹。对于这个正在竭力迫使女性生更多的孩子，以扭转世界最低生育率的政府而言，这样的笨拙表现造成的后果是它难以承担的。

表示“强烈抵制，集体反对”，英文解释为“a strong negative reaction by a large number of people, for example to sth that has recently changed in society”如：the male backlash against feminism 男性对女权主义的强烈反应。

📺美剧《无耻之徒》（Shameless）第一季中的台词提到：There will be a backlash if people don't stop 字幕组翻译为：如果人们不停止...的话，迟早会出大事。

表示“经不起（做…）；一旦…就会遇麻烦”，英文解释为“If you can ill afford to do something, it will cause problems for you if you do it.”举个🌰：We can ill afford to lose another member of staff.

我们可经不起再失去一位员工了。

1）表示“笨手笨脚地做（某事）；胡乱摸找（某物）”，英文解释为“to use your hands in an awkward way when you are doing sth or looking for sth”举个🌰：

She fumbled in her pocket for a handkerchief.

她在她口袋里胡乱摸找手帕。

2）表示“笨嘴拙舌地说话；支支吾吾地说”，英文解释为“to have difficulty speaking clearly or finding the right words to say”举个🌰：

During the interview, she fumbled helplessly for words.

面试时她支支吾吾找不出适当的话语。

表示“强迫；迫使；使必须”，英文解释为“to force sb to do sth; to make sth necessary”举个🌰：

The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.

这项法律可强制父亲定期支付子女的费用。

表示“（使）反向；（使）倒转；彻底改变；推翻”，英文解释为“to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite”举个🌰：

The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes.

新经理希望能够扭转公司江河日下的状况。

The pregnancy guidelines were first published on a government website in 2019. But they caught the attention of the public only in recent days, causing an outcry on social media, where people said they reflected outmoded views that persist in segments of the deeply patriarchal society and petitioned for their removal.

这份孕期指南于2019年首次在政府网站上发布。但直到最近才引起公众关注，在社交媒体上引发了强烈抗议。人们说这些指南反映了在父权制根深蒂固的社会中存在的过时观点，并且请愿（petition）要求删除它们。

表示“呐喊；大声疾呼；强烈抗议”，英文解释为“a strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public”举个🌰：

The killing caused an international outcry.

该起谋杀引起了国际上强烈的抗议。

表示“过时的；废弃的；无用的”，英文解释为“no longer modern, useful, or necessary”举个🌰：

Outmoded working practices are being phased out.

过时的操作规范正在被逐步淘汰。

1) 表示“继续存在（发生）”，英文解释为“If something bad persists, it continues to exist or happen”举个🌰：

If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.

如果一直痛，你就必须去看医生了。

2) 表示“坚持；执意”，英文解释为“to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it”举个🌰：

‘I don't think it's right,’ He persisted.

“我认为那不对。”他坚持说道。

patriarchal /ˌpeɪtrɪˈɑːkəl/ 表示“父权制的，男性主宰统治的”，英文解释为“ruled or controlled by men”如：a patriarchal society 男权社会。

Yong Hye-in, an activist and politician, said that under the guidelines, a woman's child-rearing responsibilities were doubled by having to care for her husband too. A better tactic for those married to men incapable of doing things like throwing away rotting food, Ms. Yong wrote on Twitter, would be divorce.

活动人士和政治人士永惠英（Yong Hye-in，音）表示，根据该指导方针，女性养育孩子的责任因为还要照顾丈夫而加倍。永惠英在Twitter上写道，相比嫁给不会扔掉腐烂食物的男人，更好的策略是离婚。

表示“养育子女；抚养子女”，英文解释为“the work of taking care of children until they are old enough to take care of themselves”。

Experts called the government's advice a missed opportunity. “I think it is written by someone who never gave birth,” said Dr. Kim Jae-yean, chairman of the Korean Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. He added that the government should have provided practical advice on issues like breastfeeding.

专家称政府的建议错失良机。“我觉得这是从来没生过孩子的人写的，”韩国妇产科医师协会（Korean Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists）会长金在容（Kim Jae-yean，音）医生说。他还说，政府本应就母乳喂养等问题提供实用的建议。

Obstetrician /ˌɒbstɪˈtrɪʃən/：a doctor with special training in how to care for pregnant women and help in the birth of babies 产科医生

Gynecologist /ˌɡaɪnəˈkɑːlədʒɪst/：a doctor skilled in the treatment of women's diseases, especially those of the reproductive organs 妇科学家，妇科医生

A petition started online last week, which has been signed by more than 21,000 people, called for a public apology from officials, as well as disciplinary action against those who released the guidelines.

上周，网上出现一份请愿书，已有超过2.1万人签名，要求官员公开道歉，并对发布指导方针者进行惩戒。

In an email to The New York Times, the public health division of the Seoul city government said it felt “responsible for not reviewing and monitoring the contents, approved at the time, thoroughly and closely.” It said it would review its online content, and improve gender sensitivity training for all municipal employees.

首尔市政府公共卫生部门在接受《纽约时报》电子邮件采访中表示，它觉得“对当时批准的内容没有进行彻底、密切的审查和监督负有责任”。该部门表示，将审查其在线内容，并改进对所有市政员工的性别敏感培训。

表示“市政的；市立的”，英文解释为“of or belonging to a town or city”如：municipal authorities 市政当局。

While the most offensive parts of the guidelines have been removed, some of the advice remains online, and screenshots of the original text continue to circulate on social media.

尽管指南中最令人反感的部分已被删除，但其中部分建议仍然保留在网上，原始文本的截图继续在社交媒体上流传。

circulate有“传播；流传；散布”的含义（if a story, an idea, information, etc. circulates or if you circulate it, it spreads or it is passed from one person to another），举个🌰：

Rumours began to circulate about his financial problems.

有关他财务困难的谣言开始流传开来。

🎬电影《拉瑞·克劳》（Larry Crowne）中的台词提到：If gossip of this nature were to circulate, 如果这种性质的八卦流传开来，

“Why are we looking for the cause of the low birthrate from far away? It's right here,” wrote one person on Twitter. Another said women were infuriated by the rules: “Who made this guideline? There are lots of things to be corrected.”

“为什么要从远处寻找出生率低的原因，答案就在这里，”有人在Twitter上写道。另一个人写道，女性被这些规定激怒了。“谁制定的这些规定？很多地方需要改正。”

表示“激怒，使（某人）大怒”，英文解释为“If something or someone infuriates you, they make you extremely angry.”举个🌰：

His manner infuriated her.

他的举止激怒了她。

Some lawmakers criticized the messaging as damaging for South Korea's reputation.

一些议员批评这样的信息损害了韩国的声誉。

“It is awkward that the anachronistic admonition on how pregnant women should serve their families is still being distributed,” Woo Sang-ho, a lawmaker of the governing Democratic Party, wrote on Facebook last week, before the guidelines were removed.

“让人尴尬的是，关于孕妇应该如何为家人服务的过时告诫仍在传播，”执政的民主党议员禹相虎(Woo Sang-ho)上周在Facebook上写道。该指导方针已被删除。

anachronistic /əˈnækrəˌnɪstɪk/ 表示“过时的”，英文解释为“You say that something is anachronistic when you think that it is out of date or old-fashioned.”举个🌰：

Many of its practices seem anachronistic.

它的很多做法似乎过时了。

表示“劝诫；忠告；警告；责备”，英文解释为“a piece of advice that is also a warning to someone about their behaviour”举个🌰：

The most common parental admonition must surely be "Don't stay out late".

父母告诫孩子们最多的话肯定是“别在外面呆到太晚”。

Others, however, said the online criticism went too far.

然而，也有人表示，网上的批评太过火了。

“I don't think it's that ridiculous to suggest women prepare food and the house,” said Kyung Jin Kim, 42, a former lawyer based in Seoul, who recently left her career to start a family. But she said the guidelines could have been more useful “if the tone were not so like a middle-aged Korean guy or an old Korean mother-in-law.”

“我不认为建议女性做饭、做家务有那么荒谬，”42岁的金京珍（Kyung Jin Kim，音）说。她曾是首尔的一名律师，最近放弃事业，开始家庭生活。但她说，如果“语气不那么像一个韩国中年男子或年长的韩国婆婆”，这些指导方针可能会更有用。

Under the recommendations, women were advised to check their household essentials so that their family members would “not be uncomfortable.” They were also urged to clean out the fridge, prepare meals and find someone to care for their other children.

这些指导方针建议女性检查家庭必需品，以便家庭成员“不会感到不适”，还敦促她们清理冰箱，准备饭菜，找人照顾其他孩子。

作名词，表示“必需品；不可缺少的东西”，英文解释为“a basic thing that you cannot live without”举个🌰：

When we go on holiday, we only take the bare essentials.

我们去度假时，只带一些最基本的必需品。

The advice made no mention of any responsibilities for husbands. But it did have some suggestions for how to remain attractive to them.

这个建议没有提到丈夫的任何责任。但它就如何保持对丈夫的吸引力提出了一些建议。

“Hang the clothes you wore before your marriage or small-size clothes you would like to wear after childbirth by putting one in a place you can easily see,” the original text from the site read. It added that “when you feel like you would like to eat more than you need to, or skip exercising, you get motivated by looking at the clothes.”

“把结婚前穿的衣服或者生完孩子想穿的小码衣服挂在容易看见的地方，”网站上的原文这样写道。它还写道，“如果你觉得想吃的东西比应该吃的东西要多，或者想放弃锻炼的时候，看到这些衣服，你就会获得动力。”

Though South Korea has become an economic and cultural powerhouse, many women still experience misogyny in very practical terms.

尽管韩国已经成为经济和文化强国，但在实际生活中，很多女性仍然受到歧视。

表示“强大的集团（或组织）；权威人士；强国；权势集团”，英文解释为“A powerhouse is a person, country, or organization that has a lot of power or influence.”举个🌰：

Nigeria is the most populous African country and an economic powerhouse for the continent.

尼日利亚是非洲人口最稠密的国家，也是非洲大陆的经济强国。

表示“厌女症；女人嫌忌”，英文解释为“Misogyny is a strong dislike of women.”

📍相反：

misandry /ˈmɪsəndrɪ/ 表示“厌恶男人，憎恨男人”（feelings of hating men）

📺美剧《新闻编辑室》（The Newsroom）第一季中的台词提到：that might get an argument started about misogyny? 以引起一场厌女热潮。

According to a 2017 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the gender pay gap in South Korea is the highest among its 37 member countries. Working women earn nearly 40 percent less than men, and many stop working when they have children, often pressured by their families and workplaces.

根据经济合作与发展组织2017年的一份报告，在其37个成员国中，韩国的性别薪酬差距是最高的。职业女性的收入比男性低近40%，许多女性在有了孩子后就停止工作，通常是迫于家庭和工作场所的压力。

Other countries in the region, including Japan — which also has an aging population and a low birthrate — have broad gender disparities, especially in relation to pregnancy. In Japan, the term “matahara” (short for maternity harassment) caught on when a woman's claims of workplace bullying after she gave birth were heard in the country's Supreme Court in 2014.

该地区的其他国家，包括同样人口老龄化和低出生率的日本，也存在着广泛的性别差异，尤其是在怀孕问题上。2014年，日本最高法院审理了一名女性声称在生产后受到职场欺凌的案件，“matahara”（“孕妇歧视”的简称）一词便流行起来。

disparity /dɪˈspærɪtɪ/表示“（尤指不公正的）不同，差异”，英文解释为“a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one”，如：a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women 男性与女性在工资水平上的差异。

相反的：

📍parity表示“（尤指薪金、权利或权力的）相同，相等，同等”，英文解释为“the state of being equal, especially having equal pay, rights, or power”举个🌰：

Women workers are demanding parity with their male colleagues.

女职工在要求与男同事享有同等的待遇。

还可以指两个不同国家的货币单位的“平价，等价”(equality between the units of money from two diffe-rent countries）；

📍2019年「妇女节」联合国秘书长发表讲话时，就提到：

📍在2018年政府工作报告中，居民收入增长和经济增长基本同步；就处理为：Basic parity in personal income growth and economic growth.

表示“受欢迎；流行起来；变得时髦”，英文解释为“If something catches on, it becomes popular.”举个🌰：

The idea has been around for ages without catching on.

这个观点由来已久，但一直未风行。

🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：Let's hope that tradition doesn't catch on amongst humans. 希望龙类的传统别出现在人的身上。

These declining populations pose a threat to the countries' economies, making it all the more important that governments tread carefully in incentivizing women to have children.

人口的减少对这些国家的经济构成了威胁，因此各国政府在鼓励女性生育时就更要谨慎行事。

表示“刺激，激励”，英文解释为“to make someone want to do something”举个🌰：

We need to incentivize our sales managers to achieve these targets.

我们需要激励我们的销售经理实现这些目标。

Last year, South Korea's population declined for the first time on record, dropping by nearly 21,000. Births fell by more than 10.5 percent, and deaths rose by 3 percent. The Ministry of Interior and Safety acknowledged the alarming implications, saying that “amid the rapidly declining birthrate, the government needs to undertake fundamental changes to its relevant policies.”

去年，韩国人口自有记录以来首次出现下降，减少了近2.1万人。出生率下降了10.5%以上，死亡率上升了3%。行政安全部承认了这一令人担忧的影响，称“在出生率迅速下降的情况下，政府需要对相关政策进行根本性的改变”。

表示“可能的影响（或作用、结果）”，英文解释为“a possible effect or result of an action or a decision”举个🌰：

The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.

这个地点的开发将会影响周围的乡村。

Though the Seoul government may have fumbled in its advice, the backlash, some said, proved that attitudes were changing.

一些人说，尽管首尔政府的建议可能有所失误，但它所遭遇的强烈反应证明，人们的态度正在发生变化。

“This is just outdated advice,” said Adele Vitale, a birth doula and Italian expatriate who has lived in Busan, a port city on the country's southeast coast, for a decade.

“这就是过时的建议，”意大利裔人士阿黛尔·维塔莱（Adele Vitale）说。她是一名助产师，在韩国东南沿海港口城市釜山生活了十年。

doula /ˈduːlə/ 表示“产妇陪护（给产妇以心理支持）；（虽未接受专业训练，但是在婴儿出生过程中以及之后承担照料产妇工作的女性）导乐，助产士”，英文解释为“a person, usually a woman, who is not medically trained but who gives help and support to a woman during pregnancy and during and after the birth of her baby”。

expatriate /ɛksˈpætrɪɪt, -ˌeɪt/ 表示“（旅居国外的）侨民”，英文解释为“someone who does not live in their own country”。

Ms. Vitale, who works primarily with foreign women married to Korean men, said that though Korean society had traditionally perceived pregnant women as “incapacitated,” she had increasingly seen their husbands adopting more egalitarian views toward childbirth and child rearing.

维塔莱主要为嫁给韩国男人的外国女性工作。她说，尽管韩国社会传统上认为孕妇是“无能力者”，但她越来越多地看到，她们的丈夫在生育和抚养孩子方面采取了更平等的观点。

egalitarian /ɪˌɡælɪˈtɛərɪən/ 表示“平等主义的；主张人人平等的”，英文解释为“believing that all people are equally important and should have the same rights and opportunities in life”如：an egalitarian society 奉行平等主义的社会。

“Family dynamics have been evolving,” she said. “Women are no longer willing to be treated this way.”

“家庭内的关系一直在变化，”她说。“女性不再愿意被这样对待。”

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