张纯如：让全世界知道南京大屠杀

7月24日，南京发布玄奘寺供奉侵华日军战犯牌位事件调查处理情况的通报，吴啊萍身份官方调查公布。

吴啊萍，何以无知至此，堕落至此？

无注释原文：

Iris Chang, Who Chronicled Rape of Nanking, Dies at 36

The New York Times

Nov. 12, 2004

Iris Chang, a journalist whose best-selling book, "The Rape of Nanking," a chronicle of the atrocities committed in that city by occupying Japanese forces, helped break a six-decade-long international silence on the subject, committed suicide on Tuesday near Los Gatos, Calif. She was 36 and lived in San Jose.

Ms. Chang's literary agent, Susan Rabiner, announced the death.

Ms. Chang was found in her car on a rural road south of Los Gatos, dead from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound, the local authorities told The San Francisco Chronicle. She had left a suicide note at home that she had painstakingly written, edited and rewritten, her husband, Brett Douglas said in a telephone interview yesterday.

"The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II" was published by Basic Books in 1997, the 60th anniversary of the massacre. The book documented the events in Nanking (now Nanjing) during the second Sino-Japanese War, in the years leading up to World War II.

In December 1937 Japanese troops entered the city, which until shortly before the invasion had been the Chinese capital. In less than two months they murdered more than 300,000 civilians and raped more than 80,000 women. Ms. Chang's book was the first full-length nonfiction account of the event.

Reviewing "The Rape of Nanking" in The New York Times Book Review, Orville Schell called it an "important new book," adding that Ms. Chang "recounts the grisly massacre with understandable outrage."

She had a keen personal interest in the subject. Ms. Chang's grandparents had fled Nanking just before the occupation, eventually settling in the United States. Growing up in the Midwest, she heard family stories of the massacre, but as an adult she was unable to find much about it in print. In China and Japan, and even in the West, the subject had been almost completely lost to history.

"The whole issue had scar tissue growing over it, but it had never really healed," Mr. Schell, the dean of the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and a longtime observer of China, said in a telephone interview. "She sort of threw the curtain back on a period that the Chinese Communist Party and the Japanese hoped was shrouded in official declarations of a new collaboration. But it turned out there was a lot of unfinished business."

Fluent in Mandarin, Ms. Chang traveled to China, where she scoured archives and interviewed elderly survivors. What she learned would force her to describe the indescribable:

"Many soldiers went beyond rape to disembowel women, slice off their breasts, nail them alive to walls," Ms. Chang wrote. "Fathers were forced to rape their daughters, and sons their mothers, as other family members watched. Not only did live burials, castration, the carving of organs and the roasting of people become routine, but more diabolical tortures were practiced, such as hanging people by their tongues on iron hooks or burying people to their waists and watching them torn apart by German shepherds. So sickening was the spectacle that even Nazis in the city were horrified."

"The Rape of Nanking" spent 10 weeks on the New York Times best-seller list, and close to half a million copies have been sold, Ms. Rabiner said.

The book drew wide international attention. In Japan it prompted outrage among conservatives. (A planned Japanese edition was cancelled in 1999.) Elsewhere it engendered demands for the Japanese government to make reparations or, at least, a formal apology, something Ms. Chang to the end of her life felt had been inadequately done.

"There have been all sorts of little fragments and shards and bits and pieces," Mr. Schell said. "But no one has done what Willy Brandt did: got down on his knees in the Warsaw ghetto and asked forgiveness."

Iris Shun-Ru Chang was born on March 28, 1968, in Princeton, N.J. She grew up in Champaign-Urbana, Ill., where her father, a physicist, and her mother, a microbiologist, taught at the University of Illinois. Ms. Chang received a bachelor's degree in journalism from Illinois in 1989. After working briefly as a reporter for The Associated Press and The Chicago Tribune, she earned a master's degree from the writing program of Johns Hopkins University in 1991.

She published her first book, "Thread of the Silkworm" (Basic Books, 1995), when she was just 27. It told the story of Tsien Hsue-shen, a Chinese-born scientist deported from the United States during the McCarthy era, who returned to China and founded that country's intercontinental missile program. Ms. Chang also wrote "The Chinese in America: A Narrative History," published last year by Viking.

At the time of her death, she was researching a book on American soldiers who served in tank units on the Bataan peninsula before World War II, many of whom were captured and imprisoned by the Japanese. In the course of her research several months ago, Ms. Chang became severely depressed and had to be hospitalized, Ms. Rabiner said.

Besides her husband, Ms. Chang is survived by her parents, Shau-Jin and Ying-Ying, and a brother, Michael, all of San Jose; and by a son, Christopher.

In a 1998 interview with The Straits Times of Singapore, Ms. Chang described her reasons for writing "The Rape of Nanking":

"I wrote it out of a sense of rage," she said. "I didn't really care if I made a cent from it. It was important to me that the world knew what happened in Nanking back in 1937."

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译+光明日报报道编译，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Iris Chang, Who Chronicled Rape of Nanking, Dies at 36

The New York Times

Nov. 12, 2004

Iris Chang, a journalist whose best-selling book, "The Rape of Nanking," a chronicle of the atrocities committed in that city by occupying Japanese forces, helped break a six-decade-long international silence on the subject, committed suicide on Tuesday near Los Gatos, Calif. She was 36 and lived in San Jose.

记者张纯如（Iris Chang）的畅销书《南京大屠杀》（The Rape of Nanking）记录了占领这座城市的日军犯下的暴行，打破了国际社会在这个问题上长达60年的沉默。周二，定居圣何塞（San Jose）的她在加利福尼亚州洛斯加托斯（Los Gatos）附近自杀，享年36岁。

chronicle /ˈkrɒnɪkəl/ 1）作名词，表示“编年史；年代记；大事记”，英文解释为“a written record of historical events”。

2）作动词，表示“按发生时间顺序编写或播放”，英文解释为“To chronicle a series of events means to write about them or show them in broadcasts in the order in which they happened.”举个🌰：

The series chronicles the everyday adventures of a girl. 

这部丛书按时间顺序记载了一位女生每天的奇遇。

atrocity /ə'trɑsəti/ 表示“暴行”，英文解释为“An atrocity is a very cruel, shocking action.”，举个🌰：

The killing was cold-blooded, and those who committed this atrocity should be punished.

这场杀戮非常残酷，那些犯下此暴行的人应该受到惩罚。

Ms. Chang's literary agent, Susan Rabiner, announced the death.

张女士的出版代理人苏珊·拉比纳（Susan Rabiner）宣布了她的死讯。

表示“作家经纪人，作者对外事务代理人”，英文解释为“someone who represents a writer and tries to get his or her work published”

表示“文学的，与文学相关的”，英文解释为“connected with literature”如：a literary style 文学风格。

Ms. Chang was found in her car on a rural road south of Los Gatos, dead from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound, the local authorities told The San Francisco Chronicle. She had left a suicide note at home that she had painstakingly written, edited and rewritten, her husband, Brett Douglas said in a telephone interview yesterday.

当地政府告诉《旧金山纪事报》（The San Francisco Chronicle），有人在洛斯加托斯南部的一条乡村公路上发现了张纯如，死于明显的自杀式枪伤。她的丈夫布雷特·道格拉斯（Brett Douglas）昨天在接受电话采访时说，她在家里留下了一封遗书，那是她煞费苦心撰写、编辑和重写的。

表示“施加于自身的”，英文解释为“If an injury or a problem is self-inflicted, you have caused it yourself.”如：self-inflicted pain/damage 自己酿成的痛苦/伤害。

表示“精心地；悉心地，刻苦地”，英文解释为“in a way that shows you have taken a lot of care or made a lot of effort”举个🌰：

She painstakingly explained how the machine worked.

她悉心地解释这台机器是如何运转的。

"The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II" was published by Basic Books in 1997, the 60th anniversary of the massacre. The book documented the events in Nanking (now Nanjing) during the second Sino-Japanese War, in the years leading up to World War II.

《南京大屠杀：被遗忘的二战浩劫》（The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II）由基本书局（Basic Books）于1997年出版，也就是南京大屠杀事件发生60周年之际。这本书记录了第二次中日战争期间南京发生的事件，这场战争是第二次世界大战的先声。

1）massacre /'mæsəkɚ/ 作动词也可以作名词，表示“屠杀；杀戮”，英文解释为“the killing of a large number of people especially in a cruel way”；

2）作名词，还可以表示“（在比赛或竞争中的）惨败”，英文解释为：a very bad defeat in a game or competition，举个🌰：

United lost in a 5-0 massacre.

联队以0比5惨败。

对比：

📍表示“大屠杀”的名词 carnage“（尤指战争中的）大屠杀，残杀”，英文解释为“when a lot of people are killed and injured, especially in a war”，如：a scene of terrible carnage 可怕的大屠杀场面。

In December 1937 Japanese troops entered the city, which until shortly before the invasion had been the Chinese capital. In less than two months they murdered more than 300,000 civilians and raped more than 80,000 women. Ms. Chang's book was the first full-length nonfiction account of the event.

1937年12月，日军进入这座城市。直到入侵前不久，这座城市还是中国的首都。在不到两个月的时间里，日军杀害了30多万平民，强奸了8万多名妇女。张女士的书是第一本关于这一事件的长篇非虚构作品。

表示“入侵，侵略”，英文解释为“an occasion when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country”举个🌰：

They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.

他们正计划发动对该国北部的侵略。

表示“平民；老百姓”，英文解释为“a person who is not a member of the police or the armed forces”。

Reviewing "The Rape of Nanking" in The New York Times Book Review, Orville Schell called it an "important new book," adding that Ms. Chang "recounts the grisly massacre with understandable outrage."

奥维尔·谢尔（Orville Schell）在《纽约时报书评》上评论《南京大屠杀》一书时，称这是一本“重要新作”，并补充说，张女士“用可以理解的义愤，叙述了这场令人毛骨悚然的大屠杀。”

recount一词此前在《摩登情爱》：良莠不齐但时显魅力一文中出现过，A flashback-driven episode starring Dev Patel and Catherine Keener, in which the two leads recount stories of love and regret, is ultimately more effective. 在由戴夫·帕特尔（Dev Patel）和凯瑟琳·基纳（Catherine Keener）主演的倒叙一集中，两个主角讲述了爱与遗憾的故事，最终效果更好。

在EDG夺冠后翻译小姐姐火了又也出现了：As the longest-tenured player on EDward Gaming, he recounts how surreal it is to finally have this trophy. 作为在EDG任职时间最长的选手，他讲述了最终拥有这个奖杯是多么的梦幻。

📍recount表示“讲述；叙述；描述”，英文解释为“to describe how something happened, or to tell a story”举个🌰：

He recounted his adventures since he had left home.

他讲述了离家以后的很多奇遇。

grisly /ˈɡrɪz.li/ 表示“（尤指因涉及死亡或流血而）令人厌恶的，恐怖的，可怕的”，英文解释为“extremely unpleasant, especially because death or blood is involved”如：a grisly murder 可怕的谋杀案。

表示“愤怒；义愤；愤慨”，英文解释为“a strong feeling of shock and anger”举个🌰：

The judge's remarks caused public outrage.

裁判的话引起了公愤。

She had a keen personal interest in the subject. Ms. Chang's grandparents had fled Nanking just before the occupation, eventually settling in the United States. Growing up in the Midwest, she heard family stories of the massacre, but as an adult she was unable to find much about it in print. In China and Japan, and even in the West, the subject had been almost completely lost to history.

她个人对这个话题深为留意。张女士的祖父母在南京被占领前逃离了该城，最终在美国定居。她在中西部长大，听到了关于大屠杀的家庭故事，但成年后，她无法找到太多记录大屠杀的出版物。在中国、日本，甚至在西方，这个话题几乎完全消失在历史中。

"The whole issue had scar tissue growing over it, but it had never really healed," Mr. Schell, the dean of the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, and a longtime observer of China, said in a telephone interview. "She sort of threw the curtain back on a period that the Chinese Communist Party and the Japanese hoped was shrouded in official declarations of a new collaboration. But it turned out there was a lot of unfinished business."

加州大学伯克利分校新闻研究生院院长、长期关注中国问题的谢尔先生（Mr. Schell）在接受电话采访时说，“伤口虽已结痂，却从未真正愈合。她重揭了历史的疮疤，虽然当时中日双方已宣布开始新的合作，但显然仍有许多未竟之事。”

scar /skɑːr/ 表示“伤疤；伤痕；瘢痕”，英文解释为“a mark that is left on the skin after a wound has healed”如：scar tissue 瘢痕组织，a scar on his cheek 脸上的伤疤。

shroud /ʃraʊd/ 表示“覆盖；隐藏；遮蔽”，英文解释为“to cover or hide sth”举个🌰：

The city was shrouded in mist.

城市笼罩在雾霭之中。

Fluent in Mandarin, Ms. Chang traveled to China, where she scoured archives and interviewed elderly survivors. What she learned would force her to describe the indescribable:

普通话流利的张女士到访了中国，在那里她翻遍了档案，采访了老年幸存者。所闻所见迫使她写出如下难言之实：

表示“（中国的）官话，普通话，国语”，英文解释为“a Chinese language that is the official language of China, and an official language of Singapore”

1）表示“搜寻，翻找，搜查”，英文解释为“to search very carefully and thoroughly through an area, a document etc”举个🌰：

Her family began to scour the countryside for a suitable house.

她的家人开始在乡下寻找合适的房子。

2）表示“冲刷成；冲刷出”，英文解释为“to make a passage, hole, or mark in the ground, rocks, etc. as the result of movement, especially over a long period”举个🌰：

The water had raced down the slope and scoured out the bed of a stream.

水顺着山坡流下来，冲刷出一条小河道。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述巴菲特入股日本贸易公司的文章中提到：From the 1950s to the 1980s they acted as go-betweens, scouring the world for energy, metals and minerals, helping to underpin Japan’s economic miracle. 上世纪50年代到80年代，它们充当中间人，在世界各地搜寻能源、金属和矿产，帮助撑起了日本的经济奇迹。

archive /ˈɑː.kaɪv/ 表示“档案；案卷”，英文解释为“a collection of historical records relating to a place, organization, or family”如：archive film/footage/material 档案胶片/影片/材料。

"Many soldiers went beyond rape to disembowel women, slice off their breasts, nail them alive to walls," Ms. Chang wrote. "Fathers were forced to rape their daughters, and sons their mothers, as other family members watched. Not only did live burials, castration, the carving of organs and the roasting of people become routine, but more diabolical tortures were practiced, such as hanging people by their tongues on iron hooks or burying people to their waists and watching them torn apart by German shepherds. So sickening was the spectacle that even Nazis in the city were horrified."

“很多士兵不仅强暴妇女，还将她们剖腹割乳，活活把她们钉在墙上，”张女士写道。“父亲被逼强奸女儿，儿子被逼强奸母亲，且令其他家人从旁观看。活埋，阉割，肢解和灼烤活人不仅变得司空见惯，而且还有更多恶魔般的酷刑，诸如以铁钩穿舌，悬吊活人，或是将人活埋，土至腰腹，看着他们被德国狼犬撕碎。此等邪恶之举，即便纳粹来到城中，也要为之胆寒。”

"The Rape of Nanking" spent 10 weeks on the New York Times best-seller list, and close to half a million copies have been sold, Ms. Rabiner said.

《南京大屠杀》长居《纽约时报》畅销书榜十周，销量近50万册，拉比纳说。

The book drew wide international attention. In Japan it prompted outrage among conservatives. (A planned Japanese edition was cancelled in 1999.) Elsewhere it engendered demands for the Japanese government to make reparations or, at least, a formal apology, something Ms. Chang to the end of her life felt had been inadequately done.

这本书引起了国际社会的广泛关注。在日本，它激怒了日本的保守派。（1999年，原定的日文版出版计划被取消。）在其他地方，它引发了要求日本政府做出赔偿，或至少做出正式道歉的呼声。但直到生命的尽头，张女士都感到这些目标未能达成。

作动词，表示“促使；导致；激起”，英文解释为“to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen”举个🌰：

His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.

他的讲话激起了人群中一男子的愤怒。

📺美剧《斯巴达克斯：血与沙》（Spartacus: Blood and Sand）中的台词提到：One cannot but wonder what would prompt such an act 不知他们为何遭此不幸。

表示“引起（某种感觉）；导致；产生”，英文解释为“to make people have a particular feeling or make a situation start to exist”举个🌰：

His latest book has engendered a lot of controversy.

他的新作引起了很大争议。

表示“赔偿；补偿；弥补”，英文解释为“payment for harm or damage”举个🌰：

The company had to make reparation to those who suffered ill health as a result of chemical pollution.

这家公司不得不向那些受化学污染危害而健康状况不佳的人士作出赔偿。

📍reparations复数，特指“战争赔款”，英文解释为“payments made by a defeated nation after a war to pay for damages or expenses it caused to another nation”

"There have been all sorts of little fragments and shards and bits and pieces," Mr. Schell said. "But no one has done what Willy Brandt did: got down on his knees in the Warsaw ghetto and asked forgiveness."

“各种各样的零碎言行都有，”谢尔说。“但是没有一个人像维利·勃兰特（Willy Brandt）那样：在华沙犹太人区下跪，请求宽恕。”

华沙之跪发生在1970年12月7日，指西德总理维利·勃兰特（Willy Brandt）在华沙犹太隔离区起义纪念碑前下跪一事。当天西德与波兰签订了华沙条约。勃兰特在纪念碑前敬献花圈后，突然自发下跪并且为在纳粹德国侵略期间被杀害的死难者默哀。（百度百科）

作名词，表示“小片，小块；（尤指）碎片，碎块”，英文解释为“a small piece or a part, especially when broken from something whole”举个🌰：

The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window.

公路上到处是车窗的碎玻璃片。

作动词，表示“支离破碎，分裂”，英文解释为“consisting of several separate parts”举个🌰：

In this increasingly fragmented society, a sense of community is a thing of the past.

在这个日益分崩离析的社会中，归属感已经一去不复返了。

表示“（玻璃杯、茶杯、容器或类似物品的）碎片”，英文解释为“a piece of a broken glass, cup, container, or similar object”举个例子：

Shards of glass have been cemented into the top of the wall to stop people climbing over.

墙头上用水泥粘着玻璃碎片，以防止人们翻过去。

Iris Shun-Ru Chang was born on March 28, 1968, in Princeton, N.J. She grew up in Champaign-Urbana, Ill., where her father, a physicist, and her mother, a microbiologist, taught at the University of Illinois. Ms. Chang received a bachelor's degree in journalism from Illinois in 1989. After working briefly as a reporter for The Associated Press and The Chicago Tribune, she earned a master's degree from the writing program of Johns Hopkins University in 1991.

1968年3月28日，张纯如出生于新泽西州普林斯顿（Princeton）。她在伊利诺伊州的香槟-厄巴纳（Champaign-Urbana）长大。她的父亲是物理学家，母亲是微生物学家，在伊利诺伊大学任教。1989年，张女士在伊利诺伊州获得新闻学士学位。在美联社（The Associated Press）和《芝加哥论坛报》（The Chicago Tribune）做过短暂的记者后，她于1991年获得了约翰·霍普金斯大学（Johns Hopkins University）写作专业硕士学位。

表示“学士学位”，英文解释为“a first degree at college or university”

表示“硕士学位”，英文解释为“an advanced college or university degree”。

She published her first book, "Thread of the Silkworm" (Basic Books, 1995), when she was just 27. It told the story of Tsien Hsue-shen, a Chinese-born scientist deported from the United States during the McCarthy era, who returned to China and founded that country's intercontinental missile program. Ms. Chang also wrote "The Chinese in America: A Narrative History," published last year by Viking.

她在27岁时出版了第一本书《蚕丝》（Thread of the Silkworm，1995年基本书局出版）。书中讲述了中国出生的科学家钱学森（Tsien Hsue-shen）的故事。在麦卡锡时代，钱学森被美国驱逐出境。他回到中国，创立了该国的洲际导弹计划。张女士还写了《在美国的华人：一部叙述史》（The Chinese in America: A Narrative History），去年由维京书局出版。

表示“把…驱逐出境，把…遣送出境”，英文解释为“to force someone to leave a country, especially someone who has no legal right to be there or who has broken the law”举个🌰：

Thousands of illegal immigrants are caught and deported every year.

每年都有数千名非法移民被捕并被驱逐出境。

📺美剧《破产姐妹》（2 Broke Girls）中的台词提到：If you two work for me, I deport you. 如果你俩是我的佣人 我早驱逐你们出境了。

At the time of her death, she was researching a book on American soldiers who served in tank units on the Bataan peninsula before World War II, many of whom were captured and imprisoned by the Japanese. In the course of her research several months ago, Ms. Chang became severely depressed and had to be hospitalized, Ms. Rabiner said.

离世之时，她正在研究一本关于二战前在巴丹半岛坦克部队服役的美国士兵的书，其中许多人被日本俘虏并监禁。拉比纳说，几个月前，在研究过程中，张女士患上严重抑郁，被迫就医。

peninsula /pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə/ 表示“半岛”，英文解释为“A peninsula is a long narrow piece of land that sticks out from a larger piece of land and is almost completely surrounded by water.”

prison 都知道，监狱，im-prison作动词，表示“关押，囚禁”，英文解释为“to put someone in prison”，举个🌰：

He was imprisoned in 2000 for attempted murder.

他因谋杀未遂于2000年被监禁。

也可以表示心理或者情感上的“束缚、限制”，if a situation or feeling imprisons people, it restricts what they can do，举个🌰：

Many elderly people feel imprisoned in their own homes.

许多老年人感到待在自己家里跟坐牢一样。

表示“送…住院治疗”，英文解释为“If someone is hospitalized, they are sent or admitted to a hospital.”举个🌰：

Most people do not have to be hospitalized for asthma or pneumonia.

多数人不必因哮喘或肺炎住院。

🎬电影《考试过关的艺术》（The Art of Getting By）中的台词提到：Now that he knows I can hospitalize him. 他知道我能把他弄进医院。

注意区分对比：

📍hospitality（名词）表示“热情好客，殷勤，友好”，英文解释为“the act of being friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors”，举个🌰：

The local people showed me great hospitality. 当地人对我非常地热情友好。

Besides her husband, Ms. Chang is survived by her parents, Shau-Jin and Ying-Ying, and a brother, Michael, all of San Jose; and by a son, Christopher.

除丈夫之外，张女士的身后家人还有其双亲：张绍金（音译）和张莹莹（音译），以及兄弟迈克尔，他们均住在圣何塞；她还遗有一子，名克里斯托弗。

In a 1998 interview with The Straits Times of Singapore, Ms. Chang described her reasons for writing "The Rape of Nanking":

1998年，在接受新加坡《海峡时报》（The Straits Times）采访时，张女士描述了她写《南京大屠杀》的原因：

"I wrote it out of a sense of rage," she said. "I didn't really care if I made a cent from it. It was important to me that the world knew what happened in Nanking back in 1937."

“我写这篇文章是出于愤怒，”她说，“我并不关心能否从中获得分毫之利。让世界知道1937年在南京所发生的一切，对我来说至为重要。”

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- 今日盘点 -

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scar

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shard

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Master's degree

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